1. © 2006 SOUTH-WESTERN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING 11th Edition Hulbert & Miller Effective English for Colleges Chapter 2 PRONOUNS

2. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 2, Slide 2 Learning Objectives 22 33 To identify antecedents of pronouns To ensure agreement between pronouns and their antecedents 11 To identify and use the correct forms of pronouns

3. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 2, Slide 3 Personal Pronouns  A pronoun is a substitute for a noun.  Personal pronouns are the most frequently used class of pronouns. Refer to CHECKPOINT 1. First-personI, me, my, mine, we, us, our, and ours Second- person you, your, and yours Third-person he, him, his, she, her, hers, they, them, their, theirs, it, and its

4. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 2, Slide 4 Number & Gender  Personal pronouns may be singular or plural in number.  Personal pronouns have four genders:  Masculine gender (he)  Feminine gender (she)  Neuter gender (it)  Common gender (they) Refer to CHECKPOINT 2.

5. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 2, Slide 5 Three Pronoun Cases  Subjective or nominative case  Subject of the sentence  Predicate pronoun  Objective case  Direct object  Indirect object  Object of the preposition  Possessive case  To show ownership of a noun  To show ownership without a noun Refer to CHECKPOINT 3.

6. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 2, Slide 6 Agreement Between Pronouns and Their Antecedents  Antecedents are the nouns to which pronouns refer.  Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in person, number, and gender.  When there is more than one possible antecedent for a pronoun, avoid confusion by repeating the noun. Refer to CHECKPOINT 4.

7. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 2, Slide 7 Special Concerns About Agreement Between Pronouns and Their Antecedents Antecedents joined by andAntecedents joined by and Antecedents joined by or or norAntecedents joined by or or nor Antecedents that are collective nounsAntecedents that are collective nouns Antecedents that are both masculine and feminineAntecedents that are both masculine and feminine Antecedents followed by parenthetical expressionsAntecedents followed by parenthetical expressions Antecedents joined by andAntecedents joined by and Antecedents joined by or or norAntecedents joined by or or nor Antecedents that are collective nounsAntecedents that are collective nouns Antecedents that are both masculine and feminineAntecedents that are both masculine and feminine Antecedents followed by parenthetical expressionsAntecedents followed by parenthetical expressions Refer to CHECKPOINT 5.

8. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 2, Slide 8 Compound Personal Pronouns Formed by Adding –self to singular pronouns and –selves to plural Compound Personal Pronouns Formed by Adding –self to singular pronouns and –selves to plural Used to emphasize the nouns or pronouns that they follow INTENSIVE PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Used to indicate the performer and receiver of the action are the same

9. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 2, Slide 9 Compound Personal Pronouns INTENSIVE PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS To distinguish between the two, omit the pronoun. If the sentence still makes sense, the pronoun is intensive.If the sentence still makes sense, the pronoun is intensive. If the sentence no longer makes sense, the pronoun is reflexive.If the sentence no longer makes sense, the pronoun is reflexive. To distinguish between the two, omit the pronoun. If the sentence still makes sense, the pronoun is intensive.If the sentence still makes sense, the pronoun is intensive. If the sentence no longer makes sense, the pronoun is reflexive.If the sentence no longer makes sense, the pronoun is reflexive. Refer to CHECKPOINT 6. Refer to APPLICATIONS 2-1 through 2-3.

10. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 2, Slide 10 Indefinite Pronouns  Indefinite pronouns do not refer to specific persons or things.  Examples: one, someone, anyone, everyone, none (no one), somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, something, anything, everything, and nothing  Personal pronouns that refer to indefinite pronouns are usually singular.  Depending on context, indefinite pronouns may be feminine, masculine, or neuter. Refer to CHECKPOINT 7.

11. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 2, Slide 11 Pronouns Derived from Other Parts of Speech  Examples of adjectives that may be used as pronouns are in italics: this examination, many voters, and two PDAs  When such adjectives do not modify nouns, they become pronouns:  This is the best steak I ’ ve ever eaten.  Many were absent from class today.  Two were damaged when she dropped the box. Refer to CHECKPOINT 8. Refer to APPLICATIONS 2-4 AND 2-5.

12. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 2, Slide 12 Relative & Interrogative Pronouns  Relative pronouns join relative clauses to nouns or pronouns.  Who and that are used to refer to people.  That and which are used to refer to places, objects, and animals.  That and who may be used to refer to organizations, firms, or associations.  Interrogative pronouns — who, whom, whose, which, and what — are used to phrase questions Refer to CHECKPOINTS 9 through 10. Refer to APPLICATION 2-6.

13. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 2, Slide 13 Common Pronoun Errors Avoid using the subjective case for objects of prepositions. Refer toCHECKPOINT 13. Refer to CHECKPOINT 13. Avoid using the subjective case for objects of prepositions. Refer toCHECKPOINT 13. Refer to CHECKPOINT 13. Avoid using the apostrophe in possessive forms of pronouns. Refer toCHECKPOINTS 11-12. Refer to CHECKPOINTS 11-12. Avoid using the apostrophe in possessive forms of pronouns. Refer toCHECKPOINTS 11-12. Refer to CHECKPOINTS 11-12. Avoid using the objective case for predicate pronouns. Refer toCHECKPOINT 14. Refer to CHECKPOINT 14. Avoid using the objective case for predicate pronouns. Refer toCHECKPOINT 14. Refer to CHECKPOINT 14. Refer to APPLICATIONS 2-7 and 2-8. Refer to CHAPTER 2 REVIEW. Refer to APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE.