1. Chapter 2 Early People: Migration and Adaptation

2. The Earliest People 10,000 B.C.-1000 A.D.

3. Migration Migrated from the north when glaciers pushed south
Climate was mild: cool summers, warm winters
Land ideal for hunting and gathering
Big Game Hunters
Hunting tools found with mammoth and bison remains
Socialized and Worked in small family units
Domesticated dogs
Important work animals for early people

4. Adaptation The climate began to change
Climate changed to much like it is today: hot summers and cold winters
Plants and animals that could not adapt became extinct
People had to adapt
Food, shelter, and clothing
Adapted their old skills of hunting and gathering to hunt new animals and gather new plants
Animals and plants similar to:
Buffalo, elk, deer, grains, and seeds

5. Technology Received new ideas from people in the east
Pottery Vessels improved food storage and cooking methods
Bow & arrow improved accuracy & performance
Old methods used an atlatl (a throwing stick used to propel darts)
Smaller arrows traveled farther and the bow provided more force
People began to cultivate plants, which brought much change
People could grow food in addition to gathering food, which ultimately meant more food was available
Picture: Prehistoric cooking pot
Picture 2: Digging stick used by Prehistoric Farmers

6. Village Farmers
About 800 years ago ( A.D.) people began to live in permanent villages
Located near water: rivers, streams
Two to twenty structures within village
Houses built with poles that were buried in the ground, grass, and clay
Cultivation of corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, and sunflowers. Diet also included wild plants, buffalo, and fish.
Diverse diet and need for so many tools leads to permanent villages.
Picture: Bison shoulder used as a blade hoe for Prehistoric Farmers

7. Village Farmers cont. New Technology led to population growth
They were successful
Evidence:
Storage pits: meant abundance of food
Trash/discarded items: people throw things out when they replace/do not need them
Trade: shells from Gulf of Mexico found
Barter- to trade one thing for another without exchange of money
New Technology led to population growth
Picture: Storage pit used by Native Americans

8. Historic Tribes: A.D.
Picture: Spanish explorer Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, 1541
Map: Coronado’s expedition of Kansas and America

9. Tribes on the Plains
“Historic” in this case means that we have evidence of their lives
that includes written documents.
The historic period in Kansas begins when we had written records on the first American Indians on the plains.
These first records were recorded by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado in 1541 A.D.
Picture 1 and 2: Spanish explorer Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, 1541

10. Tribes on the Plains cont.
Tribes that were first found on the plains of Kansas: Wichita, Kansa, Osage, Pawnee, and Plains Apache.
Tribes found later on the plains of Kansas: Comanche, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Arapaho, and Cheyenne
Lived in Tribes-large family units
Did not speak the same language
Different cultures: food, clothing
Controlled certain land, but changed over time (page 33)
They did not exchange land for money
Map: American Plains’ Indian Tribes

11. Uses of the Buffalo to Plains Indians
Picture: The uses of the buffalo to Plains’ Indians

12. Wichita and Pawnee American Indians
Picture 1: Tipi village illustration, Pawnee and Wichita used tipis as temporary homes
Picture 2: Pawnee Chief

13. Wichita and Pawnee Homes
Wichita: built beehive –shaped grass lodges for homes
Constructed of willow and cottonwood trees that grew in central Kansas
Family built lodge, and women & children constructed it
Pawnee: built round homes covered with earth
Used grasses, wood, and soil for homes
Everyone helped build lodge, was a community affair
Both used tipis as temporary housing while hunting buffalo on extended trips
Picture 1: Wichita Indian home
Picture 2: Pawnee Indian home

14. Wichita and Pawnee cont.
Crops, clothing, and traditions
Crops
Corn cultivated by both
Pumpkin and squash mats
Clothing and Traditions
Was from tanned animal skins
wore moccasins, leggings, and skirts
Men had earn piercings, tattoos
Pawnee men had distinctive hair styles
Pawnees were good warriors and had war drums that were with symbols of powers, like moons and stars
Picture: Pawnee Indian

15. Kansa and Osage American Indians
Picture: Osage chief Bacon Rind

16. Kansa and Osage
Homes
Kansa and Osage came from southeast with a knowledge of bark construction
Kansa lived in bark houses
Osage lived in lodges of cattail stems, bark, hides, or woven grass mats
Two related families lived in a lodge
Picture 1: interior of Kansa home
Picture 2: Osage couple outside home

17. Kansa and Osage cont. Crops, Clothing, and Traditions Crops
Both cultivated corn, beans, and squash
Both relied on buffalo, but Osage did not take tipis on extended hunting trips
Osage used Black Dog Trail which had framed structures
Clothing and Traditions
Kansa men plucked hair from eyebrows, chins, arms, and heads
Osage men shaved their heads except for a narrow band of hair on their head
Both wore piercings and jewelry
Osage men and women tattooed their bodies and women dress less elaborately then men did
Picture: Kansa chief
See page 38 for Osage Indian men pictures

18. Nomadic Tribes: Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche
Nomadic- having to permanent home and moving around according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and land
Picture 1: Nomadic Plains Indians
Map: Plains Indian Tribe Map

19. Nomadic Tribes: Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche
Homes
Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche: lived in tipis
Tall poles tied together at the top that were covered with hides
Tipis could be put up and taken down quickly
Protected occupants from harsh Kansas winds
Pictures: Tipis, used by Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche

20. Nomadic Tribes: Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche cont.
Food
They hunted and gathered foods
Their nomadic existence meant that they could not cultivate gardens and that food was limited
Buffalo was more important to nomadic tribes than any other Plains Indians
Traditions & Stories
Cheyenne used animal skins as canvases to paint stories
Kiowa kept a pictorial history of their tribe on hides
Pictures: Buffalo hunt and animal hide painting

21. Nomadic Tribes: Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, and Comanche cont.
Clothing
Made from animal hides
Kiowa decorated their clothing with elk teeth, bones, shells, and porcupine quills
Comanche women painted the insides of the ears and painted orange & red circles on their cheeks w/ red & yellow lines around their eyes
Picture Left: Chief Satanta- Kiowa Indian
Picture Right: Chief Stone’s daughter-Arapaho Indian
Picture Middle: Arapaho chief, Yellow Bear

22. Interaction and Trade among Plains Indians
Horses helped to make trade more possible
Much trade took place between tribes
At first there was no conflict among the Plains Indians
As the Plains Indian population grew conflicts increased
The Pawnee considered its neighbors enemies and ceased trade with the Osage and Kansa
The Cheyenne and Arapaho forced the Kiowa and Kiowa-Apache south
The Kiowa and Comanche raided other tribes
As Europeans would come into the picture conflicts would arise more and relations become complicated
Picture top: Francisco de Coronado, Spanish explorer 1541
Picture below: Council of Medicine Lodge