1. Monsoons

2. Monsoon Flow Patterns (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

3. Thickness View of the Monsoon z N P trop P1P1 WARMCOLD H L (in the lower troposphere) (PGF: high to low, f: right of motion)

4. Force Balances: Impact of Friction (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

5. Thickness View of the Monsoon (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

6. Symmetric Heating: Walker Circulation (Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.) (u,v) - vectors w - contours (u,v) - vectors p - contours Meridionally- integrated flow heat forcing

7. Symmetric Heating: Hadley Circulation (Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.) zonal velocity streamfunction pressure perturbation

8. Recall: n=1 ER and n=0 MRG Waves (Figure obtained from Matsuno (1966), their Figures 4c and 6b. © 1966, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan.) n=0 MRG Wave n=1 ER Wave

9. n=2 Equatorial Rossby Waves (Figure obtained from Matsuno (1966), their Figure 5c. © 1966, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan.) Location of maximized speed convergence Winds maximized near equator and decay rapidly N/S from there Minimal cross- equatorial flow Location of maximized divergence

10. Asymmetric Heating: Monsoon (Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.) (u,v) - vectors w - contours (u,v) - vectors p - contours heat forcing

11. Asymmetric Heating: Monsoon (Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.) zonal velocity streamfunction pressure perturbation

12. Symmetric + Asymmetric Solution (Figure obtained from Gill (1980), © 1980 Royal Meteorological Society/Wiley Interscience.) (u,v) - vectors w - contours (u,v) - vectors p - contours

13. Asian Monsoon: Structure (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.) Shaded: OLR (lower: more convective) Vector: 850 hPa Winds (m s -1 ) Streamlines: 200 hPa Winds

14. Asian Monsoon: Key Features (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

15. Asian Monsoon: Normal Onset Date (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

16. Asian Monsoon: Precipitation (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

17. Oceanic Transport: Asian Monsoon (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

18. Mei-yu/Baiu Front (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

19. Mei-yu/Baiu Front: Precipitation (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.) Total Rainfall Mei-yu/Baiu-related Rainfall

20. Monsoon Trough (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

21. Structure of the Australian Monsoon (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.) Shaded: OLR (lower: more convective) Vector: 850 hPa Winds (m s -1 ) Streamlines: 200 hPa Winds

22. Oceanic Transport: Australian Monsoon (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

23. Australian/Maritime Continent Monsoon (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

24. West African Monsoon (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.) NH Summer SH Summer Shaded: OLR (lower: more convective) Vector: 850 hPa Winds (m s -1 ) Streamlines: 200 hPa Winds

25. Monsoons of the Americas (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.) North American Monsoon South American Monsoon

26. North American Monsoon (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

27. South American Monsoon (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

28. Indian Ocean Dipole (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.)

29. Active and Break Periods (Figure obtained from Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2 nd Edition, © 2011 COMET.) active break Convection Modulation Red: suppressed Blue: enhanced