2. Strategy & Tactics

3. Definitions Strategy - the science and art of employing all available forces in as effective a manner as possible to achieve a successful resolution Strategy - the science and art of employing all available forces in as effective a manner as possible to achieve a successful resolution Tactics - the methods and concepts used to accomplish particular missions Tactics - the methods and concepts used to accomplish particular missions  In law enforcement terms, strategy is to tactics as policy is to procedure Techniques - procedures for performing specific tasks or functions Techniques - procedures for performing specific tasks or functions ♦ Techniques almost always involve the employment or utilization of a weapon or piece of equipment. 19

4. Strategies confront a situation as a whole Strategies confront a situation as a whole All strategies will require setting priorities and accepting compromises All strategies will require setting priorities and accepting compromises Synchronization refers to the arrangement of all activities in time, space and purpose to produce maximum results Synchronization refers to the arrangement of all activities in time, space and purpose to produce maximum results ♦ This unity of effort, must come from the top and is called “Command Guidance” Strategy 18

5. Strategies are always one of two types, but both are commonly employed at different times in the same operation Strategies are always one of two types, but both are commonly employed at different times in the same operation ♦ Symmetric ♦ Asymmetric Strategy 17

6. Symmetric Strategies Attempts to match, or rather overmatch, an adversary’s strengths Attempts to match, or rather overmatch, an adversary’s strengths Adherents are understandably zealous in demanding increased firepower Adherents are understandably zealous in demanding increased firepower Lacking overwhelming strength, they are have two shortcomings Lacking overwhelming strength, they are have two shortcomings ♦ Can easily lead to “wars of attrition” ♦ Leave little or no room for error 16

7. Asymmetric Strategies Attempts to apply strength against a weakness Attempts to apply strength against a weakness Especially advantageous in offsetting technological or firepower advantages Especially advantageous in offsetting technological or firepower advantages Ingenuity is often the critical factor Ingenuity is often the critical factor Works by employing any of the following: Works by employing any of the following: ♦ Dissimilar techniques, technologies, or other capabilities ♦ Using surprise 15

8. Force Multipliers Anything that increases the amount of force that can be applied Anything that increases the amount of force that can be applied May be tangible, as in better weapons or equipment, or some terrain advantage May be tangible, as in better weapons or equipment, or some terrain advantage May be intangible, as in better training, better leadership or higher morale May be intangible, as in better training, better leadership or higher morale 14

9. Threats Never underestimate the power of a credible threat Never underestimate the power of a credible threat Two types of threats Two types of threats ♦ Explicit - the consequences of defiance are made known ♦ Implied - the consequences of defiance are left to the imagination of the adversary Implied threat is always more powerful Implied threat is always more powerful 13

10. Tactical Dilemma Dilemma creates a choice between two or more disagreeable alternatives Dilemma creates a choice between two or more disagreeable alternatives Goal of every adversarial operation is to place the suspect in a position where surrender is likely, but resistance is futile Goal of every adversarial operation is to place the suspect in a position where surrender is likely, but resistance is futile Dilemmas can be created with space or time Dilemmas can be created with space or time 12

11. Dilemmas using Space Five ways of using space to create a tactical dilemma Five ways of using space to create a tactical dilemma Crossfire - Subjects suspect to fire whether he stays or moves (most common method) Crossfire - Subjects suspect to fire whether he stays or moves (most common method) Chemical Agents - makes space uninhabitable Chemical Agents - makes space uninhabitable Deceptive Diversion - creates a misleading assumption Deceptive Diversion - creates a misleading assumption Combined Arms - more than one weapons system, (shortcomings of one offset by another) Combined Arms - more than one weapons system, (shortcomings of one offset by another) Deprive the Value of the Space - Dependent upon how suspect is using the space (concealment - light, observation - smoke, etc.) Deprive the Value of the Space - Dependent upon how suspect is using the space (concealment - light, observation - smoke, etc.) 11

12. Dilemmas Using Time Three ways of using time to create a tactical dilemma Three ways of using time to create a tactical dilemma Surprise - striking at unexpected place or time, or in an unanticipated manner Surprise - striking at unexpected place or time, or in an unanticipated manner Physiological Diversion - overwhelms body’s environmental adaptation system (flashbang most common) Physiological Diversion - overwhelms body’s environmental adaptation system (flashbang most common) Tactics - overwhelms suspects’ ability to effectively resist Tactics - overwhelms suspects’ ability to effectively resist 10

13. Tactics Tactics is not whether you go left or right. Tactics is why you go left or right. Good tactics not only leave your adversary defeated, but confused! 9

14. Tactics Most police operations against an adversary use one of three tactics. Most police operations against an adversary use one of three tactics. ♦ Hammer and Anvil ♦ Envelopment ♦ Pincer Even a rudimentary understanding of why they work provides great insight into the selection and adaptation to specific situations Even a rudimentary understanding of why they work provides great insight into the selection and adaptation to specific situations 8

15. Hammer and Anvil One of the oldest recorded tactical maneuvers One of the oldest recorded tactical maneuvers ♦ Often called “block and sweep” operations in Vietnam Uses a stationary force in place (anvil) and a mobile force (hammer) moving toward it with the suspect(s) caught between Uses a stationary force in place (anvil) and a mobile force (hammer) moving toward it with the suspect(s) caught between ♦ In law enforcement operations, perimeter containment is the “anvil,” and the entry team is the “hammer.” ♦ Sometimes terrain features (barriers) can be used as the anvil Advantages are that it is simple to implement but because overwhelming force is the primary factor, a disadvantage is that it requires a substantial amount of personnel and/or firepower Advantages are that it is simple to implement but because overwhelming force is the primary factor, a disadvantage is that it requires a substantial amount of personnel and/or firepower 7

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17. Envelopment Another old tactic that dates back at least 2,000 years! Basic concept is to apply strength against weakness Attempts to fix adversary’s attention on one area while the main force exploits a weakness in another area Avoids the “front,” which is usually more heavily guarded, and strikes from one of the flanks Law enforcement frequently uses this method on suspects in buildings after refusal to answer “knock and notice” The advantage of an envelopment is that it requires less personnel, but because of the high degree of necessary coordination, requires more extensive and detailed planning 5

18. 24 207 24 207 24 207 24 207 24 207 24 207 24 207 24 207 Envelopment 4

19. Pincer Fundamentally, a variation of an envelopment Fundamentally, a variation of an envelopment Works by employing two moving forces closing toward each other with the adversary caught between Works by employing two moving forces closing toward each other with the adversary caught between Law enforcement frequently uses this method on foot pursuits Law enforcement frequently uses this method on foot pursuits The advantage of a pincer movement is that it is quick to set up, but it has several disadvantages: The advantage of a pincer movement is that it is quick to set up, but it has several disadvantages: ♦ Difficult to coordinate because keeping track of everyone is nearly impossible ♦ Broken terrain makes it difficult to ensure all avenues of escape are covered because there is no containment ♦ Shifting gun-target lines creates potential friendly fire problems 3

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21. Questions?