1. Forensic Drug Analysis 60 % of Forensics Lab work is drugs 85-90% of all Criminal Cases involve drugs

2. Addiction  Physical vs. Psychological addiction  Physical –causes withdrawl symptoms –Ex: Alcohol, Narcotics, Depressants  Psychological addiction –Dopamine release; satisfies an emotional need –Ex: Cocaine, PCP

3. Classification of Drugs  Opiates/Narcotics –Reduce sensation – sleep like state –morphine, heroin, codeine, fentanyl –Both physically and psychologically addictive  Stimulants –Stimulates, speeds up, the central nervous system (CNS) –high energy, euphoria –amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine –Psychologically addictive

4. Classification of Drugs  Hallucinogens –Alters perceptions, “gen”erates illusions –LSD (acid), PCP(angel dust), MDMA (Ecstacy), Mescaline (peyote cactus), Marijuana (THC), hallucinagenic mushrooms (psilocybin) –Most neither physical or psychological dependence

5.  Depressants –Depress CNS, drowsiness, slowed response –Barbiturates(Phenobarbital), Ethanol –Valium (diazepam), Xanax (alprazolam) –Physically and psychologically addictive

6. Controlled Substances  Schedules –I: No approved medical use  LSD, Heroin, Psilocyn, Psilocybin, Marijuana,  MDMA, Mescaline, Methaqualone –II: Medical use, severely addictive  Methamphetamine, Cocaine, Codeine, Morphine  Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, Methylphenidate  Meperidine, PCP, Phenmetrazine, Oxycodone,  Oxymorphone, Butyl nitrite, Amobarbital,  Secobarbital, Pentobarbital –III: Medical use, somewhat addictive  Morphine & Codeine in mixture, Opium, Pentobarbital (Mix)  Anabolic Steroids (1991)

7. Controlled Substances II –IV: Medical use, low addictive potential  Xanax & Valium  Ephedrine  Codeine cough syrup  Phenobarbital –V: OTC  Mixtures of analgesics and opiates  Propylhexedrine (decongestant)

8. Analysis Sequence  Observations -Rock like, powdered, wet  Screening Test -A preliminary test used to reduce the number of possible identities of an unknown substance

9. –Duquenois-Levine Color test  THC screening….. Marijuana and Hashish  Drops added to vegetation, turns purple color Screening for Marijuana

10. Confirmed at the Lab  Chromatography = separation of mixtures –Thin Layer (TLC) –Gas chromatography (GC) –Liquid chromatography (LC) –Paper chromatography

11. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)  Marijuana is a mixture of compounds  Components spread out in solvent TLC of Marijuana Components of various sizes and solubilities travel further

12. More TLC

13. Under the scope: Marijuana  Green Plant Material –Must be dry, in paper –Microscopic Examination  Look for “Bear Claw” cystolythic hair on top surface of leaf

14. Color Screening Tests for other drugs  Marquis Test: 2% formaldehyde in H 2 SO 4  Primary presumptive test used for ecstasy testing. Also used to test for cocaine, opiates (e.g. methadone, heroin), and methamphetamine.ecstasycocaineopiatesmethadoneheroin methamphetamine –PurpleOpiates –Orange to brownAmphetamine & Meth –Blue Ecstasy –RedAspirin –Pink cocaine

15. Microcrystalline test  Chemical reagent is added which causes crystals to form  Crystals have different shape depending upon what drug CocaineMethamphetamine

16. Drug Testing in the Body  Urine is most common  Immunoassay –Based on antigen-antibody binding specificity –Antibody produced by injecting antigen (drug) into rabbit –Antibodies will bind to drug in urine  Confirmation done w/TLC

17. False positives in Immunoassays  Poppy seeds and Vicks 44 for opiates  Decongestants for amphetamines  Benadryl and numerous cough syrups for PCP

18. Heroin

19. marijuana