1. History of the computer and internet; By: Sara T. Period: 3.

2. Who invented the computer? Many people contributed to this. No one person can say that the computer is their invention, because over time the computer has been changed in size, shape, and function thanks to many different scientist and inventors.

3. First freely programmable computer? Created by? Konrad Zuse. Year? 1936. Name? Z1 Computer

4. The first “personal computer? (Desktop computer) Called Altair Invented in 1974 offered by: Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS). Retailed for a little less than $400. Demand for this was OVER-WHELMING!

5. How did the term “debug” come to be? Retired Navy Admiral Grace Hopper, a pioneer in the early days of computers, had a main frame computer that was not working properly. She opened it up in the back and found a moth that had died and was touching two connections shorting them out. She pulled out the moth and stated in the official Naval Log Book that the computer had been “debugged” and was working fine. Debugged is a term used to say that the problem has been taken care of ever since.

6. What year did the internet start, why, and by who? WHY? The development of what we now call the Internet started in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first satellite, beating the United States into space. It was originally used by the us army so they could share information. J.C.R. Licklider was the first to describe an Internet-like worldwide network of computers, in 1962. He called it the "Galactic Network.” Larry G. Roberts created the first functioning long-distance computer in 1965. Who? Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf invented the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which moves data on the modern Internet, in 1972 and 1973. And many others contributed to the internet, without everyone's separate parts, there wouldn’t be an internet as a whole. Year? It started in 1957, And continued to modernize.

7. Babbage’s Analytical Engine; The Details. Charles Babbage (1791-1871), computer pioneer, designed two classes of engine, Difference Engines, and Analytical Engines. With the construction project stalled, and freed from the nuts and bolts of detailed construction, Babbage conceived, in 1834, a more ambitious machine, later called Analytical Engine, a general-purpose programmable computing engine. Programmable using punched cards It had memory conditional branching, looping (iteration), microprogramming, parallel processing, iteration, latching, polling, and pulse- shaping ( all things we still use today.) the separation of the memory (the 'Store') from the central processor (the 'Mill'), serial operation using a 'fetch-execute cycle', and facilities for inputting and outputting data and instructions.

8. “Tabulating Machine” Why? In 1881, Herman Hollerith began designing a machine to tabulate census data more efficiently than by traditional hand methods. Because census data was taking years to be completed, Herman Hollerith invented and used a punched card device to help analyze the 1890 US census data. Herman Hollerith first got his idea for the punch-card tabulation machine from watching a train conductor punch tickets.

9. ENIAC; Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Why? The military needed speedy calculations, so John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert built the machine at the University of Pennsylvania at the behest of the U.S. military. Where? The machine was built at the University of Pennsylvania.

10. What’s a program? A plan or schedule of activities, procedures, etc., to be followed. Performance or production. Systematic plan for the automatic solution of a problem by a computer. The precise sequence of instructions enabling a computer to solve a problem.

11. The benefit of transistor; The transistor was the first device designed to act as both a transmitter, converting sound waves into electronic waves, and resistor, controlling electronic current. It didn’t create as much electrical problems or conduct so much heat. It was smaller. It could be made cheaper. It didn’t require so much maintenance.

12. Binary System; A binary number looks like this: 01001010 2 to the power of 0 = 1 (2^0) 2 to the power of 1 = 2 (2^1) 2 to the power of 2 = 4 (2^2) or (2*2) etc. All digits that are 0 remain 0, and are only useful as position placeholders. All digits that are assigned a value of 1 have a decimal value that is equal to the power (2^x) of their position within the chart. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 ————————————– 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 01001010 = 64 + 8 + 2, which means that 01001010 = 74. Even numbers always finish with a 0 and odd ones end in 1. This is because the rightmost digit in a binary number can only have a decimal value of 0 or 1.

13. Credits: http://inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex.htm http://www.bizwaremagic.com/quick_internet_history.htm http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/compersonal.htm http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Science/Grace%20Hooper.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_origin_of_the_word_debug_in_the_context_of_computers http://www.boutell.com/newfaq/history/inventednet.html http://www.pbs.org/transistor/science/events/eniac.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/program http://www.geeksaresexy.net/2007/03/20/how-does-the-binary-system-work-an-introduction/ http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa061698.htm