1. End Marks and Commas
Chapter 9

2. Periods and Other End Marks - 1
End marks include periods, question marks, and exclamation points.

3. End Marks End Mark Use after… Example Period A declarative sentence
An imperative sentence
An indirect question
The key to good driving is concentration.
Follow that car.
He asked if I was too tired to drive.
Exclamation Point
An exclamatory sentence
a strong interjection
Words that express a sound
What phenomenal skill she has!
Oh, no!
Crash!
Question Mark
An interrogative sentence
A declarative sentence that asks a question
Did you check the oil?
You ran out of gas?

4. Other Uses of Periods Abbreviations
Usage
Rule
Example
Abbreviations
Use a period with abbreviations or initials
Mr. Emil T. Schmidt, Sr.
Sat. 2, A.M., A.D., 1 hr.
32 ft., Main St.
Speedy Tires Ltd.
Outlines
Use a period after each number or letter in an outline or list
A. Longest traffic jam
B. Oldest driver
C. Biggest car

5. Exceptions Do not include periods with these abbreviations:
Metric measurements (cm, ml, kg, g, l)
Acronyms (NATO, UNICEF, NASA)
Abbreviations that are pronounced letter by letter (CIA, NBA, IRS)
State names in postal addresses (TX, CA, FL)
Points on a compass (N, E, S, W)

6. Commas in Sentence Parts - 2
When you write, your use of punctuation such as commas help communicate your ideas clearly.

7. Commas with Introductory Elements
Use a comma after mild interjections or introductory words such as oh, yes, no, or well.
Yes, I admit that I love to watch the Daytona 500.
Use a comma after an introductory prepositional phrase that contains additional prepositional phrases.
In the middle of the race, the lead car blew out a tire.

8. Commas with Introductory Elements
Use a comma after an introductory adverb or adverbial clause
Unfortunately, the car is out of the race.
After the pace car exits the track, drivers may reach speeds of 200 mph.
Use a comma after an infinitive or participial phrase that serves as an introductory element.
To cover their expenses, racing teams solicit sponsors.
Smiling politely, the driver accepted a $200,000 check.

9. Commas with Interrupters
Use commas to set off nouns of direct address.
A noun of direct address is the word naming the person or persons spoken to.
Marisa, have you ever worked as part of a pit crew?

10. Commas with Interrupters
Use commas to set off parenthetical expressions, such as however, therefore, for example, I suppose, moreover, and by the way.
A parenthetical expression interrupts the flow of thought in a sentence.
By the way, your favorite driver will participate in the next heat.
Your favorite driver, by the way, will participate in the next heat.

11. Commas with Interrupters
Use a comma to separate a question tagged onto the end of a sentence.
That’s a fairly common way of speaking, isn’t it?

12. Commas with Nonessential Clauses and Phrases
Use commas to set off nonessential clauses and nonessential participial phrases.
The pit crew manager, who also serves as chief engineer, advised the driver of the car’s condition.
The team, working hard for its driver’s success, has won several races this year.

13. Commas with Nonessential Clauses and Phrases
The woman, who won last year, will compete today. (Meaning: By the way that woman won last year.)
Essential Clause
The woman who won last year will compete today. (Meaning: Last year’s winner is competing again.)

14. Commas with Nonessential Clauses and Phrases
Use commas to set off nonessential appositives and appositive phrases.
Eddie Cheever’s racing team, Team Cheever, has won the Indy 500.
Professional auto racing, often a very dangerous sport, requires extensive training and well-maintained equipment.

15. Commas with Compound Sentences
Use a comma before the conjunction that joins the two independent clauses of a compound sentence.
Ted had the best opening lap, but he lost the race. (yes)
Ted had the best opening lap but lost the race. (no)

16. Commas with Series or Lists
In a series of three or more items, use a comma after each item except the last one.
Racetracks can have dirt, asphalt, or concrete surfaces.

17. Commas with Series or Lists
Use a comma between two or more adjectives of equal rank that modify the same noun.
A skilled, athletic pit crew should be able to get a driver back on the racetrack in less than 20 seconds. (And? – yes)
Do not use a comma if one adjective in a series modifies another.
The driver in the olive green car is winning. (And? – no)

18. Using Commas for Clarity - 3
Use a comma to separate words that might be misread.
Unclear: The car campers felt fortunate for the good weather had lasted all week.
Clear: The car campers felt fortunate, for the good weather had lasted all week.

19. Adding Commas for Clarity
Use a comma to replace an omitted word or words.
Some car or RV travelers prefer to drive all day; others prefer to drive all night.
Some car or RV travelers prefer to drive all day; others, all night.

20. Adding Commas for Clarity
When making a contrast, use a comma with antithetical phrases that use words such as not and unlike.
Driving to another state, unlike flying, allows you to pack all the clothing you want for a trip.

21. Eliminating Comma Splices
A comma splice occurs when you use a comma to separate two main clauses.
To correct this error, you can replace the comma with a period or a semicolon, or you could add a coordinating conjunction, such as and, or, so, or but after a comma. (FANBOYS)

22. Eliminating Comma Splices
Comma Splice: Travelers who car camp don’t actually sleep in their cars, they camp out in sleeping bags or tents.
Travelers who car camp don’t actually sleep in their cars. They camp out in sleeping bags or tents.
Travelers who car camp don’t actually sleep in their cars; they camp out in sleeping bags or tents.
Travelers who car camp don’t actually sleep in their cars, but they camp out in sleeping bags or tents.

23. Other Comma Rules - 4 Use a comma… Example
To set off a personal title or a business abbreviation
Even Janina Popek, Ph. D., failed her first driver’s test.
In the salutation of a personal letter and the closing of any letter
Dear Tyla,
Is your car still for sale?
Your friend,
Len
Between the day of the month and the year (and after the year in a complete date within a sentence
The next driver’s ed. class starts June 16, 2012, at Wayne High School.
The class runs until August 2012.
To separate the street, city, state in addresses and names of places
I sold my car to Wylie Autos, 121 Clark St. , Austin, Texas, last year.
In numbers of more than 3 digits
In 1999, I drove over 20,000 miles.
To set off direct quotation from the rest of the sentence
“Turn left at the light,” he said.