1. UNIT 5: Family Law Chapter 31 Marriage
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2. Marriage is a relationship that involves personal, social, economic, legal, & often religious issues
More than 90% of all Americans will be married at some time during their lives
Marriage is also a contract between two persons who agree to live together as husband & wife
We will be looking at the legal aspects of marriage – not the moral issues

3. In order to get married, a couple must meet certain legal requirements
For example, most states have age requirements for couples wishing to marry
Usually a woman must be 16 years old & a man 18 years old
In addition, every state forbids marriage between close relatives
May require a blood test for STD’s
There may be a waiting period which helps insure that people are serious about getting married
A wedding ceremony can be either religious or civil

4. Married couples face financial responsibilities as well as the issue of property ownership & other decisions such as where to live & whether to have children
Sometimes marriages are threatened by domestic abuse
Such abuse occurs across the entire spectrum of relationships & often involves law enforcement & court intervention

5. Getting Married State law controls the marriage process
Couples must fulfill certain requirements before obtaining a legal marriage certificate
Couples are required to obtain a marriage license so that the state has proof of their ages & blood test results (if needed)
Marriage laws & requirements exist to ensure that couples are serious about their relationship, in an attempt to strengthen families & reduce the number of divorces

6. Background—Marriage & the Law
Most state courts uphold marriages even if the couple fails to follow a technicality (i.e., they did not get blood tests)
Nevertheless, couples should strictly comply with all local requirements

7. With regard to age requirements, if a couple gets married under the legal age or w/o parental permission, the marriage usually becomes valid only when the couple reaches the required age or later obtains the required permission
In most states, the minimum age requirement can be waived by petitioning the court, particularly in the case of special circumstances such as pregnancy

8. During the past 30 years, the average age at which people marry has risen in the U.S.
At the same time, a larger number of American children are being born into families in which their parents are not married

9. Simulating Parenthood
Teens tend to romanticize parenthood
Perhaps the most significant decisions any couple should make before getting married have to do with children
Whether or not both individuals want to have children
How soon they hope to have children
How many children they hope to have
How they will care for & support the children (i.e., whether both spouses will work outside the home or one will remain at home to care for the children), &
How they may approach the issue if they face infertility

10. Legal Aspects of Marriage
Although marriage requirements may vary from state to state, a marriage that is legal in one state is usually recognized in every other state
When a couple seeks to legally end their marriage, a divorce takes place
An annulment, on the other hand, is a court order that declares that a marriage never legally existed (if a couple goes through a wedding ceremony w/o meeting the requirements for a legal marriage)

11. Why do you think states set minimum age requirements for marriage?

12. How old do you think someone should be before getting married?
Do you think that allowing women to marry at an earlier age than men is fair?
Why or why not?

13. Common grounds for annulment include:
Age – 1 or both spouses were too young to get married
Bigamy – 1 spouse was already married
Fraud – 1 spouse lied to the other about an important matter, such as the desire to have children
Lack of consent – 1 spouse was forced to marry against his or her will, was too drunk or incapacitated to understand that a wedding was taking place, or was insane

14. Reynolds v. U.S.
In 1878, George Reynolds, a Mormon living in Utah, was arrested & charged w/bigamy
At the time, many Mormons regarded plural marriages as a religious obligation
Some believed that refusal to practice polygamy when circumstances permitted would lead to “damnation in the life to come”
Reynolds argued that the anti-bigamy law violated his constitutional right to freedom of religion
After his conviction, he appealed his case to the U.S. Supreme Court

15. The Supreme Court upheld the anti-bigamy law
It ruled that a religious belief cannot justify an illegal act, Reynolds could believe anything he wanted, but he could not put into practice a belief that society condemned
Today, the Mormon Church condemns polygamy & excommunicates members who practice it

16. Common-Law Marriage  
A common-law marriage is a union between two people who decide to forego the standard state marriage requirements
A couple that engages in a common-law marriage considers themselves husband & wife & lives together as a married couple
Some states require that a couple live together for a certain number of years before a legal marriage is recognized
If a couple in a common-law marriage decides to part, they must obtain a legal divorce before they may remarry

17. The following recognize common-law marriages:
The District of Columbia
Montana
Alabama
Ohio
Colorado
Oklahoma
Georgia
Pennsylvania
Idaho
Rhode Island
Iowa
South Carolina
Kansas
Texas

18. Financial Responsibilities
In the past, the husband was regarded as the head of the household & the overseer of finances
Today, in many states, both spouses are regarded as equal due to economic & social changes in our society
This means that both partners are financially responsible for the necessities of life & other purchases either spouse makes

19. Many states hold both spouses financially responsible for necessary family items or services either of them purchase
Some states retain the traditional rule that the husband has a legal duty to provide his wife with food, clothing, shelter, medical care, & other necessities
If the husband fails to provide such essentials, the wife can purchase the necessary items & make her husband pay for them
At the same time in these states, the wife has no legal duty to pay her husband’s bills

20. In addition to the basic necessities, some courts require the husband to maintain the family in accordance with his economic position
In general, however, a woman cannot obligate her husband to pay for luxury items bought without his knowledge

21. Property Ownership  
At one time, the law considered a husband & wife as 1 person
This meant the wife had no property rights
Any $ or property a woman owned before marriage or acquired during marriage became the property of her husband
In 1887, states began to pass married women’s property rights acts that changed the law
These acts gave married women the right to own & control their own property

22. Couples have the choice to combine all of their property
When two people get married their property is divided into categories known as separate property & marital property
Separate property is all property individually owned by each spouse before the marriage
Marital property is anything that the couple acquires during their marriage that they both own
Couples have the choice to combine all of their property
State laws & separation agreements determine who gets marital property if a marriage ends

23. Community Property 9 states have community property systems
Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, & Wisconsin
These systems, generally derived from French & Spanish law, usually provide that all property acquired during the marriage belongs equally to the husband & wife, no matter who earns or purchases it

24. Decisions in a Marriage
Getting married involves many important decisions
Some couples decide to write a prenuptial agreement before they marry that outlines each spouse's responsibilities in the marriage
The law very rarely interferes in everyday family life

25. Spouse Abuse  
Unfortunately, domestic abuse can happen to anyone in any relationship
Generally, spouse abuse is a recurring incident that can result in a cycle of serious psychological & physical damage, or even death
Counseling, support groups, legal action, & other services are available for victims of spouse abuse

26. Legal Issues for Single People in Nontraditional Relationships
Even couples that are not married but living together are bound by certain legal responsibilities & constraints
Same-sex couples face great difficulties in obtaining the right to marry
State laws regarding civil unions vary from state to state