1. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 8: Drugs

2. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter Objectives  The difference between over-the-counter and prescription drugs.  Potential adverse side effects of drugs.  Interaction between drugs.  The generic name and the trade name of a drug.  Drug references.  Word parts pertaining to drugs.  Major categories of drugs and how they act.  Common herbal medicines, how they act, issues involved in their use.  Common routes of drug administration.  Standard forms in which liquid and solid drugs are prepared.  Abbreviations related to drugs and their use.

3. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Terms anaphylaxisAn extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress, circulatory collapse, and death antagonistA substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug brand nameThe trade or proprietary name of a drug, a registered trademark of the manufacturer; written with an initial capital letter contraindicationA factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous drugA substance that alters body function efficacyThe power to produce a specific result; effectiveness generic nameThe nonproprietary name of a drug; that is, a name that is not privately owned or trademarked; usually a simplified version of the chemical name; not capitalized phytomedicineAnother name for herbal medicine

4. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Terms (cont’d) potentiationIncreased potency created by two drugs acting together prescription (Rx)Written and signed order for a drug with directions for its administration side effectA result of drug therapy or other therapy that is unrelated to or an extension of its intended effect. The term usually applies to an undesirable effect of treatment. substance dependence A condition that may result from chronic use of a drug, in which a person has a chronic or compulsive need for a drug regardless of its adverse effects; dependence may be psychological or physical synergyCombined action of two or more drugs working together to produce an effect greater than any of the drugs could produce when acting alone; also called synergism (SIN-er-jizm); adj. synergistic (sin-er-JIS-tik) toleranceA condition in which chronic use of a drug results in loss of effectiveness and the dose must be increased to produce the original response withdrawalA condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly

5. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Abbreviations Drugs and Drug Formulations APAPAcetaminophen ASAAcetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) ASHPAmerican Society of Health System Pharmacists capCapsule elixElixir FDAFood and Drug Administration INHIsoniazid (antituberculosis drug) MED(s)Medicine(s), medication(s) NSAID(s)Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug(s) ODSOffice of Dietary Supplements OTCOver-the-counter

6. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Abbreviations Drugs and Drug Formulations (cont’d) PDRPhysicians' Desk Reference RxPrescription suppSuppository suspSuspension tabTablet tinctTincture ungOintment USPUnited States Pharmacopeia

7. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Abbreviations Dosages and Directions āBefore (Latin, ante) āāOf each (Greek, ana) acBefore meals (Latin, ante cibum) ad libAs desired (Latin, ad libitum) aqWater (Latin, aqua) bidTwice a day (Latin, bis in die) cWith (Latin, cum) D/C, dcDiscontinue DSDouble strength gt(t)Drop(s) (Latin, gutta)

8. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Abbreviations Dosages and Directions (cont’d) hsAt bedtime (Latin, hora somni) IDIntradermal(ly) IMIntramuscular(ly) IUInternational unit IVIntravenous(ly) LALong-acting mcgMicrogram mgMilligram mLMilliliter pAfter, post

9. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Abbreviations Dosages and Directions (cont’d) pcAfter meals (Latin, post cibum) poBy mouth (Latin, per os) ppPostprandial (after a meal) prnAs needed (Latin, pro re nata) qamEvery morning (Latin, quaque ante meridiem) qhEvery hour (Latin, quaque hora) q ____ hEvery ____ hours qidFour times a day (Latin, quater in die)

10. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Abbreviations Dosages and Directions (cont’d) SWithout (Latin, sine) SASustained action SC, SQ, subcuSubcutaneous(ly) SLSublingual(ly) SRSustained release SSHalf (Latin, semis) tidThree times per day (Latin, ter in die) xTimes

11. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Drugs Substance that alters body function Derived from: –Natural plants –Animals –Mineral sources –Synthetic material –Genetic engineering Obtained OTC or by prescription FDA regulates

12. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Word Parts Pertaining to Drugs MeaningExampleDefinition of Example Suffixes -lyticdissolving, reducing, loosening thrombolyticagent that dissolves a blood clot (thrombus) -mimeticmimicking, simulating sympatho-mimeticmimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system -tropicacting onpsychotropicacting on the mind (psych/o) Prefixes anti-againstantiemeticdrug that prevents vomiting (emesis)

13. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Word Parts Pertaining to Drugs (cont’d) MeaningExampleDefinition of Example Prefixes contra-against, opposecontraceptivepreventing conception counter-opposite, againstcountertransportmovement in an opposite direction Roots alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o painalgesiasense of pain chem/ochemicalchemotherapytreatment with drugs

14. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Word Parts Pertaining to Drugs (cont’d) MeaningExampleDefinition of Example hypn/osleephypnosisinduced state of sleep narc/ostupornarcoticagent that induces a state of stupor with decreased sensation pharm, pharmac/o drug, medicinepharmacythe science of preparing and dispensing drugs, or the place where these activities occur pyr/o, pyret/ofeverantipyreticcounteracting fever tox/o, toxic/opoison, toxintoxicitystate of being poisonous vas/ovesselvasodilationwidening of a vessel

15. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Adverse Drug Effects Sometimes have effects not intended: –Side effects, usually minor –Anaphylaxis = severe allergic reaction May not be used even if normally beneficial: –Contraindications = reasons not to use based on specific info about individual –Synergy or antagonist drugs reacting with /against each other Sometimes cause substance dependence or tolerance

16. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Drug Names Generic –Simple version of chemical name for drug –Not capitalized Brand name –Registered trademark of manufacturer –Same drug by different companies have different trade names –Begins with capital letter

17. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Drug Information Four sources: –United States Pharmacopeia Published by national committee of pharmacologists Contains standards for: Testing drug strength Testing drug quality Testing drug purity Preparation of drugs Dispensing of drugs

18. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Drug Information (cont’d) –American Society of Health System Pharmacists (ASHP) –Physician’s Desk Reference Information supplied by drug manufacturers –Pharmacist

19. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Herbal Medicines Use of plants to treat disease Technical term for herbal medicine: phytomedicine Ongoing issues: –Purity –Safety –Concentration –Efficacy (effectiveness) –Drug interactions

20. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Herbal Medicines (cont’d) No FDA testing or regulation Office of Dietary Support supports and coordinates research

21. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 1.The federal agency that approves drugs for sale is the : (a) Food and Drug Administration (b) US Department of Agriculture (c) Department of Health and Human Services (d) Occupational Safety and Health Administration

22. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 1.The federal agency that approves drugs for sale is the : (a) Food and Drug Administration (b) US Department of Agriculture (c) Department of Health and Human Services (d) Occupational Safety and Health Administration

23. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 2.A reason for not using a specific drug is : (a) prescription (b) prognosis (c) counterpurpose (d) contraindication

24. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 2.A reason for not using a specific drug is : (a) prescription (b) prognosis (c) counterpurpose (d) contraindication

25. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 3.A manufacturer’s registered name for a drug is its : (a) chemical name (b) generic name (c) brand name (d) over the counter name

26. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 3.A manufacturer’s registered name for a drug is its : (a) chemical name (b) generic name (c) brand name (d) over the counter name

27. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 4.A written and signed order for a drug is a(n): (a) license (b) prescription (c) indication (d) therapy

28. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 4.A written and signed order for a drug is a(n): (a) license (b) prescription (c) indication (d) therapy

29. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 5.The word root for drug or medicine is: (a) pharm (b) scop (c) log (d) lapar

30. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 5.The word root for drug or medicine is: (a) pharm (b) scop (c) log (d) lapar

31. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 6.An analgesic is a drug used for: (a) fractures (b) water retention (c) coma (d) pain

32. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 6.An analgesic is a drug used for: (a) fractures (b) water retention (c) coma (d) pain

33. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 7.An antihypertensive drug affects: (a) blood pressure (b) diet (c) growth (d) ovulation

34. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 7.An antihypertensive drug affects: (a) blood pressure (b) diet (c) growth (d) ovulation

35. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 8.The solvent in an aqueous solution is: (a) acid (b) water (c) salt (d) base

36. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 8.The solvent in an aqueous solution is: (a) acid (b) water (c) salt (d) base

37. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 9.The abbreviation IV means: (a) inverted (b) introverted (c) intravenous (d) inviable

38. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 9.The abbreviation IV means: (a) inverted (b) introverted (c) intravenous (d) inviable

39. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 10. The abbreviation prn means: (a) as needed (b) once a day (c) each night (d) before meals

40. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 10. The abbreviation prn means: (a) as needed (b) once a day (c) each night (d) before meals