1. CS532 Term Paper Applying Six Sigma Methodology In Software Engineering Sourabh Bandyopadhyay

2. Introduction What exactly do we mean by 6 Sigma? Six Sigma is a rigor for measuring and controlling quality in any process. Quantitatively, Six Sigma means that the average process generates 3.4 defects per million – from “6 Sigma Quality – The Goal and The Journey” “If we can’t express what we know in the form of numbers, we really don’t know much about it. If we don’t know much about it, we can’t control it. If we can’t control it, we are at the mercy of chance.” Mikel J. Harry President & CEO Six Sigma Academy, Inc.

3. Why Six Sigma 20,000 lost articles of mail per hour unsafe drinking water almost 15 minutes each day 2 short or long landings at most major airports daily 200,000 wrong drug prescriptions each year No electricity for almost 7 hours each month 7 lost articles of mail per hour unsafe drinking water for one minute every seven months 1 short or long landings every 5 years 68 wrong drug prescriptions each year 1 hour without electricity every 34 years 99.99966% Good (6 Sigma)99% Good (3.8 Sigma)

4. Objective of Six Sigma View processes completely from a customer point of view Continual improvement in processes through measurement Integration of quality in daily work Completely satisfying customer needs profitably A statistical measure of a process’s ability to meet customer requirements The importance of communicating in financial terms why it makes good business sense to implement selected solutions

5. Six Sigma Definitions Process: A process is a collection of activities that takes one or more kinds of input and creates output that is of value to the customer. CTQ: CTQ is Critical to Quality. A product feature or process step that must be controlled to guarantee that you deliver what the customer wants. Defect (D): Any non-conformities in a process or product. Unit (N): A process step where each unit must be observable and countable with a definite starting and stopping point Opportunity (O): An opportunity is a product or process characteristic that adds or subtracts value from the product. To be quantifiable, each opportunity must be independent. Thus opportunity is event which can be measured that provides a chance of not meeting a customer requirement. Normal Distribution: A bell-shaped curve showing a frequency distribution which often occurs in nature. Standard Deviation: A statistical measure which quantifies the amount of variation in a process. The standard deviation is the average distance, or deviation, that a given point is away from the mean.

6. Distribution Curves The essence of Six Sigma lies in understanding variations in the process. Distribution curves tell us not only how well our processes have done; they also tell us the probability of what our process will do next. Statisticians group those probabilities in segments of the distribution curve called standard deviations from the mean. The symbol they use for standard deviation is s, the lower-case Greek letter sigma.

7. Six Sigma Approach Outside-In Approach The essence of Six Sigma methodology lies in understanding the customer requirements and aligning with the larger goals also known as the Big Y or business Y. Y = f(X1, X2 ….Xn) where, Y is key output metrics that are aligned with the strategic goals/objectives of the business. Big Ys provide a direct measure of business performance Y is key output metrics that are aligned with the strategic goals/objectives of the business. Big Ys provide a direct measure of business performance X is any parameters that influence the Y X is any parameters that influence the Y Traditional View Of Vendor Contribution Customer View ` The Eye Of The Beholder CustomerProce ss Vendor Process A B C

8. Six Sigma Steps The first step of any six sigma project is to come out with the customer issues or problem areas also called as VOC (Voice of Customer) in Six Sigma terms. The first step of any six sigma project is to come out with the customer issues or problem areas also called as VOC (Voice of Customer) in Six Sigma terms. Next these VOCs are mapped to the actual customer CTQs. This is done through a VOC to CTQ translation matrix. Next these VOCs are mapped to the actual customer CTQs. This is done through a VOC to CTQ translation matrix. Finally we should be able to translate this CTQ into a technical requirements document also referred to as the Voice of the Engineer. Finally we should be able to translate this CTQ into a technical requirements document also referred to as the Voice of the Engineer. Once we have analyzed the customer problem we need to understand whether its an existing issue or a new issue. 1. DMAIC (Used for Process Improvement) 2. DMADV (Used for New process or new technology)

9. DMAIC Approach DMAIC stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control DMAIC stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control Define: Defines the Problem Statement Measure: Measure Data regarding your process to find sources variation Analyze: Using various statistical tools to analyze the data collected in measure Improve: This phase involves screening for potential causes of variation and discovering interrelationships between them. Control: Process of validating the measurement system and evaluating capability is repeated to insure that improvement occurred. Steps are then taken to control the improved processes.

10. Some Six Sigma Tools Define Phase Define Phase Method:Tools: Method:Tools: Identify Customer CTQ Product Process Tree Bound Project/BenefitsBenchmarkingProduct Tree Formal ApprovalHistogramTree Template Identify Customer CTQ Product Process Tree Bound Project/BenefitsBenchmarkingProduct Tree Formal ApprovalHistogramTree Template Process MapFMEA Measure PhaseSurveysL2 Worksheet Process MapFMEA Measure PhaseSurveysL2 Worksheet Method:L1 WorksheetQFD Method:L1 WorksheetQFD Select Lower Level CTQ Define Performance Standard Validate Measurement System Select Lower Level CTQ Define Performance Standard Validate Measurement System Analyze Phase Analyze Phase Method:Tools: Method:Tools: Establish Performance CapabilityEvents/CausalsFMEA Define Performance ObjectivesF, T, Chi2 Tests Histogram Identify Variation SourcesL1 WorksheetL2 Worksheet ParetoRegression FishboneHypothesis Test Establish Performance CapabilityEvents/CausalsFMEA Define Performance ObjectivesF, T, Chi2 Tests Histogram Identify Variation SourcesL1 WorksheetL2 Worksheet ParetoRegression FishboneHypothesis Test

11. Some Six Sigma Tools (Contd.) Improve Phase Improve Phase Method:Tools: Method:Tools: Screen PotentialANOVA Residual Discover Variable Relationships EstablishInteractions Plot Operating TolerancesResponse SurfaceDOE Level ¾ Main Effects Plot FMEA Ret/ScreeningDOE Response Equation Screen PotentialANOVA Residual Discover Variable Relationships EstablishInteractions Plot Operating TolerancesResponse SurfaceDOE Level ¾ Main Effects Plot FMEA Ret/ScreeningDOE Response Equation Control Phase Control Phase Method:Tools: Method:Tools: Validate ‘X’ Measurement SystemHypothesis Test Procedures Determine Process CapabilitySPC Charts Training Implement Process ControlsRun Charts Validate ‘X’ Measurement SystemHypothesis Test Procedures Determine Process CapabilitySPC Charts Training Implement Process ControlsRun Charts Project Close-Out Project Close-Out Method:Tools: Method:Tools: V – Oper Owner of Control MechsAudit PlanFinancial Audit W – Audit MechanismLeverage/Best Practices X – Leverage SolutionOpen Action Tracking Y – Financial AuditOperational Metrics Z – Formal ClosureProcess Documentation V – Oper Owner of Control MechsAudit PlanFinancial Audit W – Audit MechanismLeverage/Best Practices X – Leverage SolutionOpen Action Tracking Y – Financial AuditOperational Metrics Z – Formal ClosureProcess Documentation

12. Benefits Other software quality models: SEI-CMM (Capability Maturity model) ISO-9001:2000 TQM (Total Quality Management) And Six Sigma Six Sigma is- Systematic Systematic Scientific Scientific Fact based Fact based Predictable Predictable

13. Thank You Questions? Questions?