1. I.Statement of the Problem II.Hypothesis III.Operational Definitions IV.Controls V.Materials VI.Procedures VII.Observations VIII.Conclusion SHOC M POC

2. Song Scientific Method Scientific Method (2) Scientific Method Animation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZaCy5 Z87FA&feature=player_embedded

3. Well-Defined Questions

10. GENERATING IDEAS FOR AN INVESTIGATION What is the effect of A on B ? COLUMN A COLUMN B temperature seed germination soil type plant growth light respiratory rate moisture melting rate angle of inclined plane conductivity pH corrosion colorburrowing of worms wind temperature change rainfall amount of stain mass of object erosion an insulator root growth antiseptics viscosity of oil water pollution repelling insects fertilizersrate of speed stain remover ripening of fruit

11. I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: ● Note that the Statement of the Problem is always written as a question.

12. ● Most of the time a hypothesis is written : "If _____[I do this], then _____[this]_____ will happen.“ ● For example: “ IF a plant receives fertilizer, THEN it will grow bigger than a plant that did not receive fertilizer. ● Your hypothesis should be something that you can actually test. ● The word HYPOTHESES is plural for hypothesis. II. HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work.

13. I. Statement of the Problem: Will objects fall at a rate proportional to their mass? Hypothesis: Objects with greater mass will fall at a faster rate. OR Hypothesis: Objects with less mass will fall at a faster rate. OR Hypothesis: Mass will have no effect on the rate at which the objects fall.

14. HYPOTHESIS Now write your own hypothesis based on the question: “Do some M&M colors dissolve faster in water than others?” Remember: - your hypothesis can be an “if”/”then” statement - your hypothesis must be testable

15. Examples of Possible Hypotheses ● IF the M&M has a darker color, THEN it will dissolve faster. ● IF the M&M has a lighter color, THEN it will dissolve faster.

16. II. HYPOTHESIS ● Your hypothesis must include key words from the Statement of the Problem and should be written as a complete sentence(s).

17. Safety Precautions Avoid getting indophenol solution on your skin. If you should get it on your skin, walk calmly to the sink and rinse it off. Do not taste any of the fruit drinks because of the possibility that it might be contaminated with indophenol.

18. III. Operational Definition An operational definition is a working definition. Indicates: how the concept is measured or manipulated in this particular investigation. What exactly does this term mean in this investigation?

19. World Wide Web

20. Wealthy

21. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37dLMgWP AtM&feature=player_detailpage#t=4s

22. DICTIONARY DEFINITION ● titration – a method of determining the concentration of a solution that involves adding a test liquid drop by drop into and indicator solution which undergoes a series of color changes as the test solution is added to it.

23. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION titration – a method of determining the vitamin C content of a juice that involves adding an orange test beverage, drop by drop, to an indicator solution (indophenol solution) that undergoes a series of color changes as vitamin C is added to it: Blue → violet → pink → colorless

24. VARIABLES ● Scientists use an experiment to search for cause and effect. ➢ Changes to one item cause something else to change in a predictable way. ● These changing quantities are called VARIABLES. ● 3 kinds of variables: -Independent -Dependent -Controlled. May also have a control.

25. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE ● Independent variable-changed or manipulated ● Fair test(contest)- ONE independent variable ● Observe changes Example: Does the amount of fertilizer affect plant growth? Independent variable? Amount of fertilizer. Why? Amount of fertilizer is changed.

26. DEPENDENT VARIABLE ● Dependent variable - measured in the experiment. ● Dependent variable responds to change made to independent. Example: Does the amount of fertilizer affect plant growth? Dependent? Plant Growth Why? Plant growth will respond to change in independent variable

27. CONTROLLED VARIABLE ( CONSTANTS ) ● All variables except Independent must be kept the same! ● Variables that are not changed are called controlled variables. (constants) Example: Does the amount of fertilizer affect plant growth? Controlled variables : type of plant pot size amount of water amount of sunlight

28. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2606GQm DqY&feature=player_detailpage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hxbz656Eu yw&feature=player_detailpage#t=135s Song

29. Treated the same EXCEPT it’s NOT exposed to manipulated variable Not present in every investigation! Used to compare changes in dependent variable to. Example: Does the amount of fertilizer affect plant growth? Control? No fertilizer Why? Fertilizer was manipulated variable

30. What is the independent variable in your helicopter investigation? Wing length

32. Statement of problem: “Do some M&M colors dissolve faster in water than others?” Hypothesis If the M&M is a lighter color then it will dissolve faster. Independent Color of M&M Dependent Rate of dissolving Constants Amount of water Container Brand of M&M’s Time

33. What is the effect of Cold Medicine A on the common cold? Hypothesis If you take Cold Medicine A then it will cure the cold. Independent Given cold medicine Dependent Cold gets cured Control group Given placebo Experimental group Given cold medicine A

34. ● A materials list is important in organization and planning. ● Important! List all materials you will need in order to carry out the experiment.

35. MATERIALS List all of the materials that you will be using in the Helicopter Investigation lab. INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION # needed – size type of container composition brand description M&M Lab Example: Materials: 5 – 10 in. diameter white plastic HEB plates 1 – 16 oz. bag milk chocolate multi-colored M&Ms 1 L bottle of water 1 box of 12 colored pencils 1 quarter 1 – 3 ½ oz. clear plastic cup 1 permanent marker 5 stopwatch

36. Procedures

38. Tables have several features in common: Titles- to tell reader the subject of the table or graph Rows- Horizontal Columns- Vertical TITLE COLUMNS ROWS

39. ● A visual representation of mathematical data ● Chart or drawing showing relationships between changing things ● Common graphs: bar, line, or parts of a circle to display data. ● Graphs must include a title and labels on the x and y axis.

41. Charts (data in the form of a graph) that shows information in percentages. Larger section of the circle=greater the percentage represented. Whole circle= 100%, or the total amount.

42. A pictograph could be used to represent the results of an experiment measuring the sun's altitude at noon over a three-month period. A pictograph is a chart that contains symbols representing data, such as quantities of an object.

43. Help to see patterns or trends in data and changes that occur over time in related variables Line graphs show continuing data; how one thing is affected by another.

44. Example of a Bar Graph TITLE Y-Axis Dependent Variable X-Axis Independent Variable

45. DRY MIX ● DRY MIX is an acronym to help you remember how variables are plotted on a graph. D = dependent variable R = responding variable Y = graph information on the Y-axis (vertical, up and down) M = manipulated variable I = independent variable X = graph information on the X-axis (horizontal, side to side)

46. Your Conclusion Should Be (Among Other Things): broad enough to fit all acceptable data; limited enough to meet special exceptions; consistent when tested by you (and others) again and again; seldom extended beyond the evidence; suitable to base a report on, if one is scheduled; and an answer to the problem, as you have finally defined it.

47. This is research to help you understand the topic, express a problem, propose a hypothesis, and design one or more project experiments— experiments designed to test the hypothesis.

48. For example, you observe a black growth on bread slices and wonder how it got there. Because of this experience, you decide to learn more about mold growth. Your topic will be about fungal reproduction. (Fungal refers to plant-like organisms called fungi, which cannot make their own food, and reproduction is the making of a new offspring.)

49. Do use many references from printed sources Books Journals Magazines Newspapers Electronic sources Computer software and online services. Gather information from professionals

51. Science Experiments #1 T. Trimpe 2008 http://sciencespot.net/

52. Read the information below and then answer the questions. SpongeBob and Patrick love to go jellyfishing. They wondered if a new brand of jellyfish bait would help them catch more jellyfish. To test their idea, they bought a big container of bait for their next 3 trips to their top-secret fishing spot. SpongeBob fished without any bait, while Patrick used the new bait. Both of them kept track of how many jellyfish they caught in 30 minutes, which is shown in the chart. 1.Which person was the control? 2. What is the independent variable? 3. What is the dependent variable? 4. Based on the data, how would you rate the new bait? SpongeBobPatrick 2524 1828 2619

53. Read the information below and then answer the questions. SpongeBob and Patrick love to go jellyfishing. They wondered if a new brand of jellyfish bait would help them catch more jellyfish. To test their idea, they bought a big container of bait for their next 3 trips to their top-secret fishing spot. SpongeBob fished without any bait, while Patrick used the new bait. Both of them kept track of how many jellyfish they caught in 30 minutes, which is shown in the chart. 1.Which person was the control? 2. What is the independent variable? 3. What is the dependent variable? 4. Based on the data, how would you rate the new bait? SpongeBobPatrick 2524 1828 2619 SpongeBob Jellyfish Bait Number of jellyfish caught The bait appears to have helped a small amount, but shouldn’t be rated as a great deal. Overall Patrick caught 2 more jellyfish than SpongeBob.

54. Science Experiments #2 T. Trimpe 2008 http://sciencespot.net/

55. Read the information below and then answer the questions. SpongeBob loves to grow flowers for his pal Sandy, who loves big, colorful flowers. He found a new brand of seeds coated with a special “booster” fertilizer that said it would produce huge flowers. He planted 5 of the new seeds in one container and 5 of the old brand of seeds in another container. He placed both containers on a sunny windowsill and watered them every day. He measured the diameter of each flower, which is shown in the chart. 1.Which group was the control? 2. What is the independent variable? 3. What is the dependent variable? 4. What is the average diameter for each group? Old Seeds10 cm12 cm14 cm6 cm8 cm New Seeds8 cm14 cm10 cm12 cm16 cm 5. Which seeds are the best for big flowers?

56. Read the information below and then answer the questions. SpongeBob loves to grow flowers for his pal Sandy, who loves big, colorful flowers. He found a new brand of seeds coated with a special “booster” fertilizer that said it would produce huge flowers. He planted 5 of the new seeds in one container and 5 of the old brand of seeds in another container. He placed both containers on a sunny windowsill and watered them every day. He measured the diameter of each flower, which is shown in the chart. 1.Which group was the control? 2. What is the independent variable? 3. What is the dependent variable? 4. What is the average diameter for each group? Old Seeds10 cm12 cm14 cm6 cm8 cm New Seeds8 cm14 cm10 cm12 cm16 cm 5. Which seeds are the best for big flowers? The seeds without the booster fertilizer Booster fertilizer on the new seeds Size or diameter of the flower Old = 10 cm, New = 12 cm New seeds w/ the booster