2. Biological Macromolecules

3. They’re Organic!!!

4. What’s an organic molecule??  Compounds made up of hydrocarbons  Carbon and Hydrogen atoms!!  Living/once living (YOU are Organic!)  (Not CO 2. It’s a gas!!!!!)

5. There are four classes of biological macromolecules we will be looking at: Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids (This will be last) First – Let’s Concentrate on these three!

7. A very, very large molecule!!

8. Biological Macromolecule All biological macro-molecule are organic, meaning they all contain hydrocarbons…Carbon atoms (with attached Hydrogens!) Other elements may include Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur

9. Macromolecules  We’re looking at

12. “Mono” means one SO… a polymer is made up of many monomers!!

13. Polymer Analogies EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER Ladder? String of Pearls Necklace?

14. Answers Answers EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER LadderEach Rung NecklaceEach Pearl

15. Can you think of a polymer?? What monomers make it up??

16. ALL four can be found in food!! Think about it!!

17. Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules are labeled!! 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) (13 grams in this product) (9 grams in this product)

18. On to Our First Biomolecule!! Carbohydrates!!

19. Carbohydrates C, H, O

20. SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES They are the main source of energy for the body ! Simple sugars  Monosaccharide Glucose, for example (Yes it IS a monomer!!), is the main product of photosynthesis!! C 6 H 12 O 6 Atoms: C, H, O

21. COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES  Long-term storage for energy  Polysaccharides  made up of glucose polymers  Below is a part of the polymer starch!!

22. Starch Continued Found in: Grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) Tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch.

23. Cellulose ** ALSO a glucose polymer **Offers the plant support ** Energy storage ** Makes up cell wall ** Food source for seeds and plant bulbs

24. Glycogen in Animals **A branched polymer made up of numerous glucose monomers **Long-term energy storage found in the liver ** Quickly broken down into glucose for immediate energy

25. Complex Carbs and Energy  Starches, Cellulose and Glycogen are broken down by proteins called enzymes (remember digestion in lysosomes!!??.....similar concept!)  Broken down into their monomers  Glucose  Glucose is further broken down during cellular respiration in the mitochondria for energy  About 36 ATP molecules of energy per each glucose molecule!!!

26. Lipids Mostly C,H and some O

27. STORED ENERGY  Broken down for energy They INSULATE the body to help maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection. Include waxes, Oils include steroids such as cholesterol and the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone Anabolic steroids build muscle They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, energy, cushion…

28. Remember the cell membrane?  PhosphoLIPID bilayer of the cell membrane? The fatty acid tails are lipids!  It’s semi-permeable, allowing only certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane to enter or exit the cell.

29. LIPIDS

30. Fat  Made up of fatty acid monomers – Glycerides that have a Glycerol Backbone (Circled) and a Fatty Acid Tail(s) Mostly C, H with some O

31. Triglycerides  Glycerol Group with 3 Fatty Acid Chains This is a triglyceride molecule

32. NOW ONTO PROTEINS They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them They make up antibodies in the immune system They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions They makeup non-steriod hormones which THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non- steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

33. Proteins Made up of Mostly C, H, O and N (Some Sulfur)

34. Proteins

35. Aside from the protein found in animal sources…protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)

36. Hair, Skin, and Nails

37. Microscope View of Skin and Nails This is skinThis is a nail

38. Made up of Amino Acid Monomers!!! **Remember protein synthesis???? Transcription and translation? **A peptide bond bonds amino acids together **Creates a polypeptide

39. The shapes of Proteins Determines it’s Function Amino Acids !!!

40. Ribosomes are Proteins that are Involved in Creating Proteins!!

41. Insulin  Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas  Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles  Diabetes is a condition when a person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.

42. Hemoglobin  A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

43. **Antibodies are part of the immune system. **When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves onto it. **White Blood cells destroy the invaders (hopefully )

44. Enzymes  Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below)  Re-usable  Molecule specific – like a lock and key  -Example: ONLY Lactase will break down lactose. It will NEVER break down proteins

45. Enzymes Lock and Key Model Substrate Product s

46. Enzymes  Folded specific to its function…like a lock and key model! Lactase breaks down lactose sugar Pepsin breaks down proteins Amylase breaks down amylose

47. Active Site Specific Enzyme Starch ***** Remember That Enzymes are substrate-specific !!!!! Simple useable sugars (product) Protei n Lipid Which substrate can be reduced by the enzyme??

48. Enzymes are affected by:

49. Rate of Reaction pH Affects Enzyme Reactivity 1 342 5 6 789 pH scal e This enzyme functions in an environment that has a pH of about 4, which is acidic

51. The 4th type is NUCLEIC ACIDS The types of Nucleic Acids  DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)  RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

52. **Monomers are called Nucleotides

53. “DNA” is short for Deoxyribonucleic A cid **Your genetic makeup!!

55. “DNA” is short for Ribonucleic A cid **Works with DNA to create proteins

57. RNA DNA  Single- Stranded  Nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)  Remember NO Thymine (T)  Ribose sugar  Double- Stranded double helix  Nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)  Remember NO Uracil (U)  Deoxy-ribose sugar

58. Remember How DNA and RNA Molecules are Involved in Protein Synthesis?? Transcription and Translation? *DNA *mRNA *At ribosome *tRNA Brings in Amino Acids *Amino Acids form the protein (a polypeptide)