1. First Aid  First Aid-”help given first”- medical help given immediately in an emergency  Dispatcher- a person who answers the “911” calls  Emergency Medical Service-A team of people who are trained to respond in emergencies (Advanced Life Support)

2. AED- Automated External Defibrillator –A semiautomatic device that recognizes a heart rhythm that requires a shock and prompts the rescuer to deliver a shock

3. Good Samaritan Law (so people will act)  Law that protects people for acting in an emergency situation if they act as a reasonable and prudent person would under the same conditions.  Two forms of Consent (actual and implied)

4.  Move a victim only if the victims life was endangered  Ask a conscious victim for permission before giving care  Check for life threatening injuries before providing further care  Call “911”  Continue to provide care until more highly trained personnel arrive  Do not exceed the scope of individuals training

5. Emergency Action Principles  3 C’s –C-Check –C-Call –C-Care

6. Checking for Life Threatening Injuries First  A,B, C, S –A=Airway –B=Breathing –C=Circulation –S=Severe Bleeding

7. Checking a Conscious Adult (12 or older) 1. State your name, experience, ask for permission and ask what happened 2. Check for life threatening conditions (from head to toe) 3. Do not ask the victim to move and do not move the victim (do not touch painful areas) 4. Look for a medical alert tag 5. Call 911 or have someone call!!

8. Checking an Unconscious Adult (12 or older)  Step 1: Check the Scene  Step 2: Tap and shout If No Response…..  Step 3: Call 911 get an AED IF in prone position, position the victim on back, while supporting head and neck

9.  Step 4: Open airway…head tilt chin lift Check for signs of life (movement and breathing) for no more than 10 seconds  Step 5: No breathing; give 2 breaths (check for bleeding and get in CPR position)  Step 6: If breathing, place in recovery position

10. How to give a Rescue Breath  Step 1: head tilt, chin lift (open airway) and pinch nose  Step 2: Take a breath with a complete seal  Step 3: watch the chest rise (each breath 1 second)  Step 4: Check for signs of life (look, listen, feel for breath)

11. Breathing Terms  Respiratory Emergency- a situation in which breathing either stops or there is a lack of normal breathing  Artificial Respiration – a technique (manual or mechanical) that puts air into the victim  Respiratory Arrest – when breathing completely stops  Gastric Distention – putting air in stomach - can be minimized by properly opening the airway and limiting ventilation volume

12. Conscious Choking Adult  Partial Airway Obstruction- If the victim can make noise (talk or cough)  Tell them to cough forcefully

13.  Complete Airway Obstruction No Sound, no air movement (can’t talk or cough) 1. Give 5 back blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts or chest thrusts if pregnant 2. Continue alternating until choking/ breathing starts or victim becomes unconscious If victim becomes unconscious, carefully lower them to the ground, supporting their head and neck, and begin CPRIf victim becomes unconscious, carefully lower them to the ground, supporting their head and neck, and begin CPR 3. On Self Abdominal Thrust or objectAbdominal Thrust or object

14.  Cardiac Arrest – when the heart stops beating; the person will not be breathing, will not be conscious and will have no pulse Heart Attack Signals of the heart attack- 1.Persistent chest pain or discomfort 2.Breathing difficulty 3.Changes in pulse rate 4.Skin Appearance  Pale or bluish  sweating Signals of a Heart Attack and the Cardiac Chain of Survival

15. Care for a Heart Attack 1. Recognize the signals 2. Call “911”/ get AED 3. Comfort the victim 4. Convince them to stop activity and rest 5. Monitor vital signs 6. Try to obtain information on the victims condition 7. Be prepared to give CPR if the victim’s heart stops beating

16. Cardiac Chain of Survival 1. Early Recognition 2. Early CPR 3. Early Defibrillation 4. Early Advanced Medical Care

17. CPR – is a combination of chest compressions and rescue breathing CPR *Place yourself midway between the head and chest (kneeling) *Hand positioning: Find the center of the sternum. Place the heel of one hand on the center of the sternum. Place the other hand on top of it *Each compression should push the chest down about 1 ½ to 2 inches. CPR – Adult

18. CPR Steps 1. Find hand positioning (fingers off chest) 2. Position shoulders over hands 3. Compress the chest 30 times (20 sec) (rate of 100 per min) counting one and two and three and… Then give 2 slow breaths (5 sec)

19. 4. Once you begin CPR, you continue until you see obvious signs of life, you are relieved by advanced personnel, or you collapse due to exhaustion Continue sets of 30 compressions and 2 breathsContinue sets of 30 compressions and 2 breaths **The brain and heart will start to die within the first 4 to 6 minutes after both breathing and circulation have stopped**

20. Clinical Death – up to 10 mins Biological Death – after 10 consecutive mins *Revivable, but not survivable

21. Unconscious Choking - Adult 1. If breaths do not go in…tilt further and give 2 breaths again 2. If breaths still do not go in…give 30 compressions 3. Look in the mouth…if you see an object remove it 4. Give 2 breaths 5. Continue to repeat

22. Using an AED - Adult  Step 1: open AED and turn on  Step 2: position shock pads  Step 3: follow AED directions –1 shock, then 5 cycles of CPR (2 minutes), check signs (breathing and circulation), repeat cycle except if:  AED is not updated with 1 shock directions  In this case, follow AED instructions

23. Special Situations I. Moving a Victim – danger, give care, to get to another victim 1.Cloths Drag -Neck/Back 2.Walking assist 3.2 person seat carry 4.Foot drag

24. II. Breathing for a neck fracture Do not use head tilt chin liftDo not use head tilt chin lift III. If alone -call IV. Universal Precautions

25. Bleeding ***Use Non-Latex Gloves Types of Wounds-refer to p. 740-747 1. Arterial – bright red (oxygenated) –Spurting 2. Venous – darker blood **Approximately 2 pints per 25 pounds**

26. Controlling Bleeding 1. Cover with a dressing and apply direct pressure 2. Cover dressing with non-stick roller bandage (apply direct pressure on bandage) (apply direct pressure on bandage) If bleeding does not stop… 3. Apply a Roller Bandage and more direct pressure on top of it

27. Signals of Traumatic Shock When the circulatory system causes the body to reduce blood flow to the body’s tissues. Restlessness or irritability Restlessness or irritability Altered consciousness Altered consciousness Pale, cool, moist skin Pale, cool, moist skin Looks Disoriented Looks Disoriented Rapid Breathing Rapid Breathing Rapid Pulse Rapid Pulse Dilated Pupils Dilated Pupils

28. Caring for Shock: 1. Lie down and rest 2. Control external bleeding 3. Maintain Normal Body Temperature 4. Elevate legs *if injuries allow 5. No food or drink 6. Call 911

29. Fracture – a break, chip, or crack in a bone Types: a. open (compound) b. closed (simple) Dislocation – the movement of a bone out of its position in the joint.

30. Ligaments – strong, tough, soft tissue bands that attach bone to bone Sprain – tearing of ligaments at a joint Tendons – strong fibers that attach muscle to bone Strain – a stretching or tearing of muscles or tendons

31. Care for Muscle, Bone, and Joint Injuries R – Rest I – Immobilize C – Cold – Apply ice for 72 hours ***20 on 20 off E – Elevate

32. Splints  Splinting for fractured bones –Splint the body part as you find it –Secure it to the body if possible –Check for feeling, color, and warmth after splinting an injury  Types of Splints –Rigid –Soft –Anatomical –Sling