1. Environmental Remote Sensing in The Great Lakes and Oceans By Arthur S. Brooks Professor Emeritus of Biological Sciences and Center for Great Lakes Studies University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee April 27, 2010

2. EARTH: THE WATER PLANET

4. WHERE IS ALL THE WATER TODAY ?? THE OCEANS 1,348 M km 3THE OCEANS 1,348 M km 3

5. WHERE IS ALL THE WATER TODAY ?? THE OCEANS 1,348 M km3 ICE CAPS & GLACIERS 29 M km 3 ICE CAPS & GLACIERS 29 M km 3

6. WHERE IS ALL THE WATER TODAY ?? THE OCEANS 1,348 M km 3 ICE CAPS & GLACIERS 29 M km 3 GROUNDWATER 8.0 M km 3 GROUNDWATER 8.0 M km 3

7. WHERE IS ALL THE WATER TODAY ?? THE OCEANS 1,348 M km 3 ICE CAPS & GLACIERS 29 M km 3 GROUNDWATER 8.0 M km3 THE ATMOSPHERE 0.5 M km3

8. WHERE IS ALL THE WATER TODAY ?? THE OCEANS 1,348 M km 3 ICE CAPS & GLACIERS 29 M km 3 GROUNDWATER 8.0 M km3 THE ATMOSPHERE 0.5 M km3 SURFACE FRESHWATER 0.2 M km 3 SURFACE FRESHWATER 0.2 M km 3

9. COMPRESS ALL THE WATER in the World INTO A ONE LITER BOTTLE

10. ALL IN ONE LITER (1000 ml) 974.7 ml (97.5%) SALTWATER 25.3 ml (2.5%) FRESH WATER

11. Oceans are fun, but lakes taste a lot better!

12. ALL FRESHWATER (25.3 ml) n 17.6 ml ICE CAPS AND GLACIERS n 7.6 ml GROUNDWATER n 0.1 ml SURFACE WATER (2 drops)

13. SURFACE FRESHWATER 0.1 ml (2 DROPS) S 0.02 ml (20%) LAKE BAIKAL (RUSSIA) S 0.02 ml (20%) OUR GREAT LAKES T 0.06 ml (60%) ALL OTHER RIVERS AND LAKES

21. The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) is a sensor specifically developed to study ocean color properties. These properties can be related to organic content, such as plankton, as well as sediment. CZCS launched in October 1978, as part of Nimbus-7's instrument complement and continued to operate until late 1986. It sensed colors in the visible region in four bands, each 0.02 µm in bandwidth, centered at 0.44 (1), 0.52 (2), 0.57 (3), and 0.67 (4) µm. A fifth band between 0.7 and 0.8 µm monitored surface vegetation and band six, at 10.5-12.5 µm sensed sea surface temperatures. Here is the first CZCS before fitting onto the Nimbus spacecraft:

24. CZCS distribution of chlorophyll on a global scale averaged between 1978 and 1986

25. Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) -integrated on the Terra (EOS AM-1) and Aqua (EOS PM-1) spacecraft

26. MODIS, for Moderate (resolution) Imaging Spectrometer, covers usually large areas, such as the Black Sea shown here:

27. A recent image from Terra's MODIS, using bands at 11 and 12 µm, shows how sharp the temperature contrast can be between the main Gulf stream (red) and surrounding waters:

28. Another MODIS image of the warm Gulf Stream emphasizes its tendency to meander as it moves northward:

29. In the color coding, blues correspond to the lowest levels of phytoplankton and reds to the highest. Note the eddies or rings. Phytoplankton tends to concentrate along the edges of warm core rings (which rotate clockwise) but concentrate centrally in cold core rings (counterclockwise motion).

30. The MODIS instrument on Aqua picked out a large phytoplankton bloom off the northern coast of Norway on July 19, 2003. Most of the blue-green color in the (near true color) image below was found to be due to plankton whose shells) are composed of chalky Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3.)

31. SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor), launched on August 1, 1997. The sensor system monitors ocean color variations, especially those caused by concentrations of plankton and other sea life. Thus, the prime objectives are: 1) to quantify ocean plankton production; 2) to determine observable couplings of physical/biological processes; and 3) to characterize estuarine and coastal ecosystems. The SeaWiFS sensor consists of eight channels at: 412, 443, 490, 510, 555, 670, 765, and 865 nm, each with bandwidths of 20 or 40 nm. From an orbital altitude of 705 km, spatial resolution is about 1.1 km.

32. On SeaWiFS, several bands cover the blue, green, and red parts of the visible spectrum, and into the near infrared, yielding data that can be used to display variations in ocean color or, for particular bands, indications of the distribution and intensity of chlorophyll that resides mainly in surficial plankton. This SeaWiFS image maps the generalized ocean colors as well as chlorphyll concentrations (in red, yellow, and orange colors) on a near global scale during September, 1997. On SeaWiFS, several bands cover the blue, green, and red parts of the visible spectrum, and into the near infrared, yielding data that can be used to display variations in ocean color or, for particular bands, indications of the distribution and intensity of chlorophyll that resides mainly in surficial plankton. This SeaWiFS image maps the generalized ocean colors as well as chlorphyll concentrations (in red, yellow, and orange colors) on a near global scale.

33. SeaWiFS produces regional scale images in which eddies and circulation patterns are evident. In this view of western North America, marine eddies have formed off the British Columbia coast around Queen Charlotte; to the west is another eddy-like pattern made by clouds.

34. Red Tide occurred north of the Florida Keys in 2002, as seen in this SeaWiFs image that renders the red algae in almost natural color; Key West

35. In Situ Validation Data Drifting Buoys Right - Explorer cruise tracks that provide bias reference using M-AERI observations Lower Left - Drifting buoys, used to compute SST equation retrieval coefficients Lower Right - Global M-AERI cruise tracks, final validation suite TERRA and AQUA SST and SST4 products show similar behavior with respect to in situ retrievals to date

36. Balch/Campbell - Gulf of Maine Ferry Comparisons

37. J. Campbell et al. Dec 10 2000 SeaWiFS - MODIS Chlorophyll Comparisons SeaWiFS Chlorophyll a MODIS Chlorophyll a

38. SCIENCE QUESTIONS (Ocean NPP) This Product Derives Ocean Net Primary Production and Annual Export Production from Chlorophyll, Light (PAR), SST, and Mixed Layer Depth Carbon fixed/m2/day - Needed to understand: Magnitude and Variability of ONPP, and uncertainties. Ecosystem dynamics (coupling with physical forcings) Food chain effects (fisheries resources) Carbon cycle (carbon export, pCO 2 and hence air sea C flux) RELEVANT SCIENCE QUESTIONS for ONPP Variability - How are global ecosystems changing? Response - How do ecosystems respond to and affect global environmental change and the carbon cycle?

39. .01 0.1 1.0 10. 20. Chlorophyll a (mg m -3 ) Chlor_MODIS (Clark) Chlorophyll-a (empirical) Chlor_a_2 Chlorophyll-a (SeaWiFS analog) OC3M OReilly et al Chlor_a_3 (Carder) Chlorophyll-a (semi-analytic) Input for ONPP, Fluorescence Efficiency December, 2000

40. Weekly PAR December 10, 2000 Derived from GSFC Data Assimilation Office GEOS 3.2.5 3 hr retrievals.

41. MODIS SST December 10, 2000 MODIS Daytime 11-12  m SST D1 Also used for Chlorophyll nut depletion Temp.

42. Mixed Layer Depth Dec. 10, 2000 Mixed Layer Depth is averaged from daily values retreived by Fleet Numerical Monterey Oceanographic Center’s (FNMOC) OTIS model, obtained through NOAA-Navy net by GES DAAC.

43. P1 Behrenfeld- Falkowski P2 Howard Yoder Ryan Dec 10-18, 2000 3.3.1

44. Name the Great Lakes ?

45. H O M E S

46. Name the Great Lakes ? Huron

47. Name the Great Lakes ? Ontario Huron

48. Name the Great Lakes ? Michigan Huron Ontario

49. Name the Great Lakes ? Michigan Huron Ontario Erie

50. Name the Great Lakes ? Michigan Huron Ontario Erie Superior

52. THE GREAT LAKES HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

53. Underwater Processes Invisible From Space

56. Offshore Migration Of the Thermal Front in Lake Ontario Spring 1965

57. Northward and Outward Advancement of The Thermal Front May 6 --- June 2 1992

63. UWM RV NEESKAY

71. Nutrients: Silicon Nitrogen Phosphorus Diatoms (algae) Spring Bloom Sunlight Stylized Annual Primary Production and Nutrient Cycles

72. Thermal stratification forms: Late May 1973 and Late June 1974 40% Greater Chlorophyll Biomass in 1974 with longer mixing period Interannual Differences in Primary Production 1973-1974

73. Primary Production for Lake Michigan Summer Lake Mixing Nutrients P,N, Si Light Increasing Lake Mixing Light Decreasing Spring Algae Bloom -Lake Stratified- Fall Brooks and Zastrow 2000

74. 135 Days 225 Days 102-125 [113] 104-129 [116]

76. http://coastwatch.glerl.noaa.gov/glsea/ movies/p365days.flc