1. Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations

2. Population Studies Demography: study of human populations with respect to their size, structure and development. Why do we need to know changes in human population? *we need to remember that the situation is dynamic in population studies.* - numbers, distribution, structures and movements constantly change in time and space

3. Population Studies

4. Until about 200 years ago, population growth was slow. Since then, there had been an enormous increase (previous graph). Population Explosion: sudden and great increase in world’s population. Rate of increase has become exponential.

5. Reasons for the rapid increase onset of agricultural and industrial revolution in the 18 th C. improvements in medical sciences

6. Reasons for the rapid increase Birth rate (BR): number of live births per year per 1000 people Death Rate (DR): number of deaths per year per 1000 people Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): number of deaths per children below one year of age per 1000 people

7. Reasons for the rapid increase Natural Increase (NI): excess of births over deaths per 1000 person Population Density: number of people per sq. km of an area Total Fertility Rate (TFR): average number of children each woman would bear during her childbearing years Replacement Fertility Level: level of fertility at which a given population is replacing itself.

8. Reasons for the rapid increase Zero Population Growth: When the BR is the same as the DR.

9. Reasons for changes in Birth and Death rates 1.standard of living - medical facilities, health care - housing - hygiene - water supply - sanitation and nutrition

10. Reasons for changes in Birth and Death rates 2. Cultural factors - way of living, customs and beliefs - role of children, religion - region of the world (developed Vs. under-developed) 3. Government policies - increase/slow down BRs

11. Demographic Transition Model

12. 4 stages of demographic transition Each stage is linked to the economic and social development of the individual country Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

13. 4 stages of demographic transition STAGE 1 - AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY - HIGH BRs & DRs = SLOW GROWTH High DRS due to: poor medical facilities sanitation water supply diet natural catastrophies high IMR

14. 4 stages of demographic transition High BRs due to: social desire for larger families because children are economic assets high IMR security purposes ignorance of birth control

15. 4 stages of demographic transition STAGE 2: AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY + EARLY INDUSTRIALISATION - HIGH BRs, FALLING DRs, RISING RATE OF INCREMENT FALLING DRs : improvement in medical care sanitation water supply sewerage disposal food supply

16. 4 stages of demographic transition HIGH BRs: social norm still that of an agricultural society low wages so children can work to get money child L is allowed birth control still NOT available

17. 4 stages of demographic transition Asian Countries - because of western colonisation & missionary influence may experience a decline in the DRs, but not the accompany industrial development and agricultural improvement of the West. Some experience a slower rate of development undertaken by newly independent governments. Stage 2: India, Malaysia & Indonesia

18. 4 stages of demographic transition STAGE 3: MATURE INDUSTRIALISED SOCIETY - FALLING BRs & LOW DRs FALLING BRs: increased urbanisation brings about a change in the society - smaller families - cost of a child families can enjoy higher living standards with fewer members practising birth control methods

19. 4 stages of demographic transition Education to girls - good job prospects instead of marrying at an early age and bearing children delay marriage - reducing the number of children being born (Fertility Rate) - all leads to a decline in the BRs government policies DRs: slight decline as most advances made in the previous stages SINGAPORE FALLS IN THIS CAT.SINGAPORE FALLS IN THIS CAT.

20. 4 stages of demographic transition STAGE 4: ADVANCED INDUSTRIALISIED SOCIETY BRs: TFR continues to decline as the role of women changes - education, working, career-minded instead of getting married at an early age and having children having No kids! Marriage under institution also comes under battering, also ending in divorces

21. 4 stages of demographic transition Role of woman as a traditional child bearer becomes INVALID economic security with greater income, $avings, insurance policie$ erodes the concept that children are a source of old age security children leaving home earlier Fluctuation in BRs may indicate govt. efforts in increasing BRs!!

22. 4 stages of demographic transition Egs: many European countries such as Sweden, France, Germany & Japan DRs: levels out as advances in medical sciences extends life expectancy