1. Question 4 What are data and what do they mean to a scientist?

2. Dinner at the Urquhart House 4 Brought to you by the Briggs Multiracial Alliance 4 Sunday night 4 All food provided (probably Chinese) 4 Contact Mimi Reddy, reddydee@msu.edu for detailsreddydee@msu.edu

3. Data, Statistics, and Spreadsheets 4 What are data? 4 What are statistics? 4 What are spreadsheets? 4 How can you analyze data with spreadsheets?

4. Data 4 Data are pieces of information 4 Data can be numbers, words, descriptions 4 Data have UNITS 4 The word data is PLURAL, datum is singular 4 Data about Willoughby: Age: 5 (years) Height: 47 (inches) Weight: 66 (pounds) Eyes: Blue Favorite word: Wrestle Favorite letter: W

5. Types of Data 4 Numbers – two types –Real #s – rational numbers – 28.75 lbs –Integers – whole numbers – 18 months 4 Letters – called characters in programming –W is a character 4 Words – called strings in programming –“No thanks” is a strings, can be individual words or phrases

6. Statistics and Data 4 Test Scores: –Jeff: 88 –Mollie: 92 –Marcie: 88 –Dave: 47 –Karim: 99 –Willoughby: 42 –Benjamin: 0 4 What statistics can you calculate to describe these data? –Try to think of four things to describe the data 4 stop

7. Statistics 4 Statistics are derived from the data 4 Statistics are descriptions of data 4 Statistics are meant to simplify the data 4 Statistics can be misleading

8. Typical Statistics 4 Sample Size - number of individuals measured = n  Sum =   Average or Mean =  /n 4 Median –Value of 50th percentile, half of values fall above, half below 4 Maximum, Minimum, Range (Max-Min) 4 Mode - most common value 4 Standard deviation 4 Variance (SD 2 )

9. Analyze these data... 4 Mean, max, min, range, median, mode 18 33 4 47 49 38 29 4 55 4 sample size (n)  Sum   mean=average=  /n denoted x 4 median = halfway 4 mode = most common

10. Spreadsheets 4 Spreadsheets are tables 4 Spreadsheets allow calculations and manipulations of data Calculations: mean, standard deviation Manipulations: sort,

11. Make a data table: 4 Fly 1, length 13.4 mm, velocity 27 Kph, age 21 days 4 Fly 2, length 9.4 mm, velocity 0 Kph, age 220 days 4 Fly 3, length 9.3 mm, velocity 44 Kph, age 1 days 4 Fly 4, length 13.4 mm, velocity 17 Kph, age 32 days 4 Fly 5, length 17.4 mm, velocity 33 Kph, age 11 days 4 How many columns? 4 How many rows? 4 #s go down or across?

12. Data Table Fly #LengthVelocityAge 1 2 3 4 5

13. Microsoft Excel 4 Typical spreadsheet program –Lotus 1-2-3 is original commercial spreadsheet 4 Has similar controls to MS Word 4 Now allows graphing (charts) very restricted formats, hard to get exactly what you want 4 Excel tables and graphs can be copied into MS Word

14. Friday’s Assignment 4 We will work with Microsoft Excel to analyze some data 4 Groups of two will submit one finished spreadsheet for the assignment

15. Graphs 4 Many different types of graphs –Points –Lines –Bars –Pies

16. Point Graphs 4 Called X-Y Scatter in MS Excel 4 Plot points based on X and Y value 4 Can fit a “REGRESSION LINE” to the data –Line that best fits the data

17. X-Y Scatter

18. Bar Graphs 4 Categorize data into counts or percents 4 Categories can be descriptive categories (Windows 98, Windows 2000, …) 4 Can also be numeric categories –Height: 60-63, 63-66, etc. or just 61, 62, 63… –Count up number of people in each group 4 Histograms are a particular type of bar graph

19. Bar Graph

20. Histogram 4 X axis is categories 4 Y axis is a number or proportion of observations in that category

21. Histogram Bar Graph Number of Crashes

22. Regular Bar Graph vs. Histogram Bar Graph

23. Distributions 4 Special type of histogram with continuous numeric scale at bottom 4 Normal distribution is a key concept in statistics 4 Skewed distribution is one that is unbalanced

24. Sample distribution histograms Danyoungyoo, Katanchalee, and Srichawla, www.s-t.au.ac.th/handout/st2204/week5-Univariate-Des.pptwww.s-t.au.ac.th/handout/st2204/week5-Univariate-Des.ppt Robert D. Duval, PS 400 Lecture, www.polsci.wvu.edu/duval/ps400/Notes/400Notes.pptwww.polsci.wvu.edu/duval/ps400/Notes/400Notes.ppt

25. The NORMAL Distribution 4 A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION is the theoretical distribution of values given natural variation around a MEAN 4 It is balanced, humped distribution

26. Distributions 4 Skew is an imbalance in the distribution Danyoungyoo, Katanchalee, and Srichawla, www.s-t.au.ac.th/handout/st2204/week5-Univariate-Des.pptwww.s-t.au.ac.th/handout/st2204/week5-Univariate-Des.ppt

27. Hypothesis Testing 4 Statistical Tests are how scientists decide if data support their hypothesis 4 (NOT PROVE their hypothesis) 4 Four major statistical tests: T-test, X2 Test, Regression, ANOVA

28. Hypothesis 4 Processor speed has an effect on the performance of the computer. 4 Null Hypothesis –H 0 : Processor speed has NO EFFECT on the performance of a computer.

29. Statistical Tests and Probability 4 Statistical tests give a value 4 That value can be related to a probability 4 Probability is likelihood that NULL hypothesis is correct given the data you have 4 If P < 0.05 (1/20), then you conclude NULL hypothesis is FALSE

30. T-Test 4 Compares differences between two means 4 Formula: T = (x 1 -x 2 )/SEM –SEM is Standard Error of Mean [SD/(N-1)] 4 T Values: Difference between mean in comparison to the amount of spread in your data

31. T-Values 4 If T > 2.5 or 3.0, difference is usually significant (this depends on your sample sizes)