1. THE WORKING MEMORY MODEL Baddeley and Hitch, 1974 Central Executive Phonological Store Visuo-Spatial Store Articulatory processesVisuo-spatial processes PHONOLOGICAL LOOPVISUO-SPATIAL SKETCHPAD

2. The Matrix Task (Brooks) 1 In the next square down put a ‘2’. In the next square left put a ‘3’… In the next square good put a ‘2’. In the next square luck put a ‘3’…

3. The Matrix Task (Brooks) Recall of instructions Recall of spatial instructions Recall of verbal instructions

4. Effect of Secondary Tracking Task Recall of instructions Spatial VerbalSpatial Verbal WITHOUT TRACKING WITH TRACKING

5. Nature of the Active Process Concreteness: - concrete words are recalled better than abstract words (Paivio, 1972). Pegword Method: - relies on the formation of images to associated target items with concrete items.

6. Dual Task Methodology Baddeley & Lieberman, 1980; Logie, 1986 Word recall Imagery Words (pegword)(rote repetition) 1 task 2 tasks

7. Nature of the Active Process Concreteness: - concrete words are recalled better than abstract words (Paivio, 1972). Pegword Method: - relies on the formation of images to associated target items with concrete items. Dual Task Methodology - spatial and visual tasks impair the efficiency of the pegword method (Baddeley & Lieberman, 1980; Logie, 1986).

8. Independence of the Slaves Word recall Rote Repetition Imagery No distraction Articulatory Suppression

9. So What? Importance of the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad PATIENT ‘ELD’: Acquisition of new visual information ie., faces Acquisition of new spatial information ie., locations and directions Independence of processing of visuo-spatial information and phonological information

10. A Role of the Central Executive A Supervisory Attentional System (SAS) The CE as a regulator of processing The CE as a controller of actions (Shallice, 1982) - contentional scheduling of practised actions - conscious control of new or novel actions The CE as the point of retrieval from long term memory The CE as a seat of consciousness

11. The Working Memory Model - Summary STM is an active system STM is a multi-component system - A central executive; A phonological loop; A visuo-spatial sketchpad Each slave has both a passive, limited store and an active process Each slave process has been described by the use of dual-task methodology The WM model is a flexible and versatile contributor to everyday tasks.