1. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
STANDARD(S): Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation.
LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
Describe the impact of technological advances on turn of the century urban planning.
Summarize turn of the century communication innovations.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS
Commitment
Attitude
CARES
Respect
Encouragement
Safety

3. Science and Urban Life Section 1
Advances in science and technology help solve urban problems, including overcrowding.
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4. SCIENCE AND URBAN LIFE
By the turn of the 20th century, four out of ten Americans lived in cities
In response to urbanization, technological advances began to meet communication, transportation, and space demands
Artist Annie Bandez

5. Science and Urban Life Technology and City Life Skyscrapers 1
SECTION
Science and Urban Life
Technology and City Life
Skyscrapers
1890, 58 cities have 50,000 people; 1900, 4 of 10 people in cities
Invention of elevators, internal steel skeletons lead to skyscrapers
- Louis Sullivan designs Wainwright Building
Skyscrapers solve urban problem of limited, expensive space
- Daniel Burnham designs Flatiron Building
Continued . . .
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6. Louis Sullivan’s Wainwright Building in St. Louis
SKYSCRAPERS
Louis Sullivan’s Wainwright Building in St. Louis

7. Burnham’s Flatiron Building

8. SKYSCRAPERS Skyscrapers emerged after two critical inventions:
elevators &
steel skeletons that bear weight
The skyscraper was America’s greatest contribution to architecture
solved the issue of how to best use limited and expensive space

9. Guided Reading: Skyscraper Louis Sullivan; Daniel Burnham
1. Who was involved in its development?
2. What other inventions helped make this one possible?
3. How did this invention or
development affect
Americans’ lives?
Skyscraper
Louis Sullivan;
Daniel Burnham
the elevator;
internal steel skeletons
Used limited and expensive urban space more efficiently

10. Chapter 8: Section 1
A – How did new technologies make the building of skyscrapers practical?
The elevator made tall building usable;
Steel framed could bear the weight of tall buildings.

11. 1
SECTION
continued Technology and City Life
Electric Transit
Before Civil War, horse-drawn streetcars run on iron rails
By 1900, electric streetcars (trolleys) run from suburbs to downtown
Some cities build elevated trains or subways
Continued . . .
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12. ELECTRIC TRANSIT
Changes in transportation allowed cities to spread outward
By the turn of the century, intricate networks of electric streetcars – also called trolley cars –ran from outlying neighborhoods to downtown offices & stores

13. “EL’S” AND SUBWAYS
A few large cities moved their streetcars far above street level, creating elevated or “el” trains
Other cities built subways by moving their rail lines underground

14. Guided Reading: Electric transit electricity
1. Who was involved in its development?
2. What other inventions helped make this one possible?
3. How did this invention or
development affect
Americans’ lives?
Electric transit
electricity
Allowed city workers to live in. suburbs;
spurred the growth of suburbs;
reduced congestion on city streets

15. Chapter 8: Section 1 B – How did elective transit impact urban life?
It led to growth of subways;
Made commuting easier.
Suburbs increased

16. Engineering and Urban Planning1
SECTION
continued Technology and City Life
Engineering and Urban Planning
• Steel-cable suspension bridges link city sections
• Need for open spaces inspires science of urban planning
• Frederick Law Olmstead spearheads movement for planned urban parks
- 1857, helps design Central Park
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17. BRIDGES
Bessemer
Steel-cable suspension bridges, like the Brooklyn Bridge, also brought cities’ sections closer

18. Guided Reading: Suspension bridge John Augustus Roehling steel cables
1. Who was involved in its development?
2. What other inventions helped make this one possible?
3. How did this invention or
development affect
Americans’ lives?
Suspension
bridge
John Augustus Roehling
steel cables
Tied sections of cities together;
sometimes provided recreational opportunities

19. 1
SECTION
continued Technology and City Life
City Planning
Chicago’s population growth results in unregulated expansion
Daniel Burnham draws plan for city with parks along Lake Michigan
- designs White City for 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition
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20. Central Park is an oasis among Manhattan’s skyscrapers
PARKS
Frederick Law Olmsted was instrumental in drawing up plans for Central park, NYC
Some urban planners sought to include landscaped areas & parks
Made life more livable
Central Park is an oasis among Manhattan’s skyscrapers

21. CITY PLANNING: CHICAGO
Daniel Burnham oversaw the transformation of Chicago’s lakefront from swampy wasteland to elegant parks strung along Lake Michigan

22. CITY PLANNING: CHICAGO
Today Chicago’s lakefront is one of the most beautiful shorelines in North America

23. Guided Reading: Urban planning Frederick Law Olmsted; Calvert Vaux;
1. Who was involved in its development?
2. What other inventions helped make this one possible?
3. How did this invention or
development affect
Americans’ lives?
Urban planning
Frederick Law Olmsted;
Calvert Vaux;
Daniel Burnham
Promoted a greater sense of serenity and well-being by creating open spaces in cities

24. Chapter 8: Section 1
C – List three major changes in cities near the turn of the century. What effect did each have?
Skyscrapers conserved space by allowing cities to grow upward;
New transportation systems and bridges drew neighborhoods closer together;
Urban planning put parks into neighborhoods.

25. 1
SECTION
continued New Technologies
Airplanes
• Orville, Wilbur Wright use engines to fly “heavier-than-air” craft
- first successful flight Dec. 1903
• By 1920, first transcontinental air mail established
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26. Actual photo of Wright Brother’s first flight 12/17/03
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
New developments in communication brought the nation closer
Advances in printing, aviation, and photography helped speed the transfer of information
Actual photo of Wright Brother’s first flight 12/17/03

27. Actual photo of Wright Brother’s first flight 12/17/03
AIRPLANES
In the early 20th century, brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, experimented with engines and aircrafts
They commissioned a four-cylinder internal combustion engine, chose a propeller, and built a biplane
Actual photo of Wright Brother’s first flight 12/17/03

28. AIRPLANES
On December 17, 1903 they flew their plane for 12 seconds covering 120 feet
Within two years the brothers were making 30 minute flights
By 1920, the U.S. was using airmail flights regularly

29. Guided Reading: Airmail Orville and Wilbur Wright the airplane;
1. Who was involved in its development?
2. What other inventions helped make this one possible?
3. How did this invention or
development affect
Americans’ lives?
Airmail
Orville and Wilbur Wright
the airplane;
the internal
combustion engine
Sped the delivery of mail

30. New Technologies A Revolution in Printing 1
SECTION
New Technologies
A Revolution in Printing
By 1890, U.S. literacy rate almost 90%
Growing demand for newspapers, magazines, books
Mills produce cheap paper that withstands high-speed presses
Faster production, lower costs make periodicals more affordable
Continued . . .
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31. A REVOLUTION IN PRINTING
By 1890, the literacy rate in the U.S. was nearly 90%
American mills began to produce huge quantities of cheap paper from wood pulp

32. A REVOLUTION IN PRINTING
Electrical web-perfecting presses printed on both sides of paper at the same time
Faster production and lower costs made newspapers and magazines more affordable (most papers sold for 1 cent)

33. Guided Reading: Web-perfecting press cheap durable paper; Electricity
1. Who was involved in its development?
2. What other inventions helped make this one possible?
3. How did this invention or
development affect
Americans’ lives?
Web-perfecting
press
cheap durable
paper;
Electricity
it made printed materials more affordable;
satisfied Americans' increasing demand for books, magazines, and newspapers

34. Photography Explosion1
SECTION
continued New Technologies
Photography Explosion
• Pre-1880s, photography requires heavy equipment, time
• George Eastman develops light-weight equipment, studio processing
• 1888, introduces Kodak camera, easy to operate
- millions use Kodak camera
- helps create field of photojournalism
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35. PHOTOGRAPHY EXPLOSION
Before 1880, photography was a professional activity
Subjects could not move and the film had to be developed immediately

36. PHOTOGRAPHY EXPLOSION
George Eastman invented lighter weight equipment and more versatile film
In 1888, Eastman introduced his Kodak Camera
The $25 camera came with 100-picture roll of film
Created photojournalism
1888 Kodak

38. Guided Reading: Kodak camera George Eastman the camera,
1. Who was involved in its development?
2. What other inventions helped make this one possible?
3. How did this invention or
development affect
Americans’ lives?
Kodak camera
George Eastman
the camera,
new film-processing techniques
Brought photography within the reach of the average American