1. Prof. Sujata Rao Introduction to Computers & MIS Data Base Concepts Lesson 8

2. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 2/ Topics to cover 1.Advantages of Automated System 2.Conceptualizing Data File 3.Evolution of Database System 4.Elements Of Database System 5.DBMS & RDBMS 6.Data Models 7.Factors Determining Database Performance

3. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 3/ 1. Advantages of Automated System Cycle Time for Information retrieval can be reduced Cycle Time for Information retrieval can be reduced Information can be stored for long period without deterioration Information can be stored for long period without deterioration Data can be updated with small workforce Data can be updated with small workforce Centralised Storing of voluminous data is possible Centralised Storing of voluminous data is possible Data redundancy can be minimised Data redundancy can be minimised Person independent systems possible Person independent systems possible

4. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 4/ Essentials of Computer Based Information System (CBIS) Ability to store & retrieve information Ability to store & retrieve information Unique file name Unique file name Extension name to depict the file type Extension name to depict the file type Program files - set of instructions Program files - set of instructions

5. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 5/ 2. Conceptualizing Data File Item_Detail Records or Tuples Fields or Attributes Table or Data File

6. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 6/ Item_Deta il Supplier_Detai l Customer_Det ail Sales Data Base Tables

7. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 7/ Components of Database Field/Attributes Field/Attributes Meaningful transaction details. No. of fields is known as the degree of the Table Meaningful transaction details. No. of fields is known as the degree of the Table Records /Tuples Records /Tuples The rows of a table describing the details of a transaction. No. of rows determines the cardinality of a table The rows of a table describing the details of a transaction. No. of rows determines the cardinality of a table Tables Tables Collection of relevant records Collection of relevant records Database Database Collection of related Tables Collection of related Tables

8. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 8/ Data Base Management System Collection of interrelated Data Collection of interrelated Data Set of programs to control Set of programs to control the organization the organization Storage & retrieval Storage & retrieval

9. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 9/ Features Add, Modify, Delete, Extract data from a database Add, Modify, Delete, Extract data from a database Provide an environment which is convenient & efficient to use Provide an environment which is convenient & efficient to use A system which provides safety of the data stored from unauthorized use and in event of system crashing. A system which provides safety of the data stored from unauthorized use and in event of system crashing.

10. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 10/ Elements of Data Base Database Database Tables Tables Queries Queries Forms Forms Reports Reports Macros Macros Modules Modules Relationship Relationship

11. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 11/ 3. Evolution of Database System Late 1950s & Early 1960s Late 1950s & Early 1960s Flat files organised using sequential method Flat files organised using sequential method Physical & Logical data structures were identical Physical & Logical data structures were identical Data redundancy very high Data redundancy very high 1 st DBMS designed by Bachman in 1964 1 st DBMS designed by Bachman in 1964

12. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 12/ 3. Evolution of Database System Late 1960s Late 1960s Direct Access & Random Access Files Introduced Direct Access & Random Access Files Introduced Physical data independence became possible Physical data independence became possible 1970s 1970s Database concepts gained popularity Database concepts gained popularity Multiple views from same physical data Multiple views from same physical data Redundancy controlled Redundancy controlled Relational Database Model & Normalization procedures were developed Relational Database Model & Normalization procedures were developed ER Model introduced ER Model introduced Query Language Developed Query Language Developed

13. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 13/ 3. Evolution of Database System 1980s & 1990s 1980s & 1990s Relational Database introduced -DB2 by IBM Relational Database introduced -DB2 by IBM Microcomputer products developed Microcomputer products developed Client-Server RDBMS gained popularity – ORACLE & SYBASE Client-Server RDBMS gained popularity – ORACLE & SYBASE Object oriented Database Management System introduced Object oriented Database Management System introduced

14. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 14/ 3. Evolution of Database System Current Trend Current Trend Distributed DBMS, Distributed DBMS, Expert DBMS Expert DBMS Object Oriented DBMS Object Oriented DBMS Extensible DBMS Extensible DBMS

15. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 15/ Data Base Management System Collection of interrelated Data Collection of interrelated Data Set of programs to control Set of programs to control the organization the organization Storage & retrieval Storage & retrieval

16. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 16/ Features Add, Modify, Delete, Extract data from a database Add, Modify, Delete, Extract data from a database Provide an environment which is convenient & efficient to use Provide an environment which is convenient & efficient to use A system which provides safety of the data stored from unauthorized use and in event of system crashing. A system which provides safety of the data stored from unauthorized use and in event of system crashing.

17. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 17/ Elements of Data Base Database Database Tables Tables Queries Queries Forms Forms Reports Reports Macros Macros Modules Modules Relationship Relationship

18. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 18/ 2. Task Associated with Database System Creating a database for a business enterprise Creating a database for a business enterprise Design Table structures Design Table structures Storing & retrieving information into the database Storing & retrieving information into the database Querying Querying Report generation Report generation

19. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 19/ 3. Data Models I. Relational Model II. Network Model III. Hierarchical Model

20. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 20/ 3.I Relational Model Collection of Tables Collection of Tables Tables represent both data & relationship among those data Tables represent both data & relationship among those data Tables have Multiple column Tables have Multiple column Each column has unique name Each column has unique name Do not link the records Physically Do not link the records Physically Table provides a common field to help match the row Table provides a common field to help match the row Does not use pointer to link Does not use pointer to link

21. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 21/ Tables have Multiple column NameAddlin1Contact OffMobile No.Empl No. Anil Prakash Meenal Mainkar A0001 M0001 M0002 P0001 S.V. Road, Mumbai Kthrud, Pune i M.G. Road, Cheenai Bhatwadi, Mumbai

22. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 22/ 3.II Network Model Represented by collection of records Represented by collection of records Relationship among data are represented by links Relationship among data are represented by links Links are viewed as pointers Links are viewed as pointers Records are organised as collection of arbitrary graphs Records are organised as collection of arbitrary graphs

23. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 23/ NameAddlin1Contact OffMobile No.Bank A/c No. Anil Prakash Meenal Mainkar A0001 M0001 M0002 P0001 S.V. Road, Mumbai Kthrud, Pune i M.G. Road, Cheenai Bhatwadi, Mumbai 11610,000.00317 10,000.00 117 10,000.00 118 10,000.00 Boxes correspond to record types Lines represent links

24. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 24/ 3.III Hierarchical Model Similar to Network Model Similar to Network Model Records are organised as collection of trees rather than arbitrary graphs Records are organised as collection of trees rather than arbitrary graphs

25. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 25/ Ex Of Hierarchical Model Bank Database Anil M.G. Rd, Mumbai Sunil S.V. Rd, Chennai 11610,000.00118 10,000.00 Ram S.V. Rd, Chennai 119 10,000.00 317 40,000.00 317 40,000.00

26. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 26/ 4. Factors Determining Database Performance Availbility Availbility Scalability Scalability Extensibility Extensibility Security Security

27. ssr/1.0/12808 Data Base Concepts 27/