1. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 1 COSC 3340: Introduction to Theory of Computation University of Houston Dr. Verma Lecture 2

2. UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 2 1st model -- Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) Finite Control Read only Head

3. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 3 DFA (contd.) The DFA has: – a finite set of states – 1 special state - initial state – 0 or more special states - final states – input alphabet – transition table containing (state, symbol) -> next state

4. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 4 Informally -- How does a DFA work? An input string is placed on the tape (left-justified). DFA begins in the start state. Head placed on leftmost cell. DFA goes into a loop until the entire string is read. – In each step, DFA consults a transition table and changes state based on (s,  ) where s - current state  - symbol scanned by head

5. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 5 How does a DFA work? (contd.) After reading input string, – if DFA state final, input accepted – if DFA state not final, input rejected Language of DFA -- set of all strings accepted by DFA.

6. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 6 Pictorial representation of DFA (q,σ) - > q'

7. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 7 Example: Diagram of DFA L = {a 2n + 1 | n >= 0} Answer: L = {a, aaa, aaaaa,...}

8. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 8 JFLAP Step-By-Step aaa

9. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 9 JFLAP Step-By-Step aaa

10. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 10 JFLAP Step-By-Step aaaaaa

11. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 11 JFLAP Step-By-Step aaa

12. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 12 Formal definition of DFA DFA M = (Q, , , s, F) Where, – Q is finite set of states –  is input alphabet – s  Q is initial state – F  Q is set of final states –  : Q X  - > Q

13. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 13 Formal definition of L(M) L(M) - Language accepted by M Define  * : –  * (q,  ) = q –  * (q, wσ) =  (  * (q,w),σ) Definition: L(M) = { w in  * |  * (s,w) in F }.

14. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 14 Example: L(M) = {w in {a,b}* | w contains even no. of a's}

15. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 15 JFLAP Step-By-Step aa

16. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 16 JFLAP Step-By-Step a

17. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 17 JFLAP Step-By-Step a

18. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 18 JFLAP Step-By-Step ab

19. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 19 JFLAP Step-By-Step abab

20. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 20 JFLAP Step-By-Step abab

21. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 21 Given a language, how to define DFA? Creative process requiring you to: (i) Put yourself in DFA's shoes (ii) Find finite amount of info, based on which string accepted/rejected (iii) From step (ii), determine number of states and then transitions.

22. Lecture 2UofH - COSC 3340 - Dr. Verma 22 Regular Languages Definition: A Language is regular iff there is a DFA that accepts it. Examples: –  – {  } –  * – {w in {0,1}* | second symbol of w is a 1} Exercise – {w in {0,1}* | second last symbol of w is a 1} Exercise – {w in {0,1}* | w contains 010 as a substring} - (importance?)