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The American Revolution
Chapter 22 Section 4
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Key Terms Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson
Checks and Balances Federal system Bill of Rights
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Britain and its American Colonies
First settlement 1600 Colonies expanded rapidly 1770 population 2 million people Land was plentiful and cheap English class system largely absent 1651 passed Navigation Act- colonies had to sell most of their products to Britain
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Britain and its American Colonies
Individuals could advance through hard work and intelligence Mid 1770’s colonies established for 150 years British subjects but allowed independence Each colony had its own government Began to identify with the colony and not Britain
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America wins Independence
1760’s conflict between Britain and the colonies 1763 Britain wins the French and Indian War War was expensive Since removal of French benefited colonists Britain wanted colonies to pay part of the costs
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Growing Hostility Leads to War
1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act Official stamp must be on all documents Newspapers Legal documents Other public papers Colonial leaders were outraged Taxes passed without representation
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Growing Hostility Leads to War
Boycotted English goods Stamp Act repealed 1766 1767 British imposed new taxes Glass Paper Paints Teas
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Growing Hostility Leads to War
Boston, Massachusetts one of the largest colonial cities called for another boycott British sent troops to keep order in the city Bostonians harassed troops on the street
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Growing Hostility Leads to War
1770 British discipline snapped Troops killed five men Known as the Boston Massacre Most of Townshend Acts repealed Tax on tea remained
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Growing Hostility Leads to War
1773 group of Bostonians called the Sons of Liberty dumped hundreds of crates of tea overboard Boston Tea party Britain closed Boston’s port Passed the intolerable acts Limited freedom in the colonies
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The influences of enlightenment
Colonists called the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774 Gave list of grievances to British government Plan to reconcile differences with British was presented and voted down
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Revolution Begins Sons of Liberty expected a war
Hid weapons in the countryside of Boston April 1775 British troops marched out of Boston Lexington and Concord too find the weapons
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Revolution Begins April 19 British troops confront 75 colonial militiamen in Lexington Shots rang out Revolution begins Not all colonists were patriots Many colonists remained loyal to England
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The Influences of enlightenment
Common Sense written by Thomas Paine Argued the colonies had grown and no longer need Great Britain They deserved independence Helped patriots gain support for the cause of independence
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The Influences of Enlightenment
First war in which old ideas of government were challenged Patriots created a nation built on the ideas of the Enlightenment
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Declaring Independence
Second Continental Congress 1776 Committee to write a declaration of independence John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin were the leaders
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Declaring Independence
Jefferson used ideas from Locke and Rousseau July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence adopted by Continental Congress Drew ideas from the English Bill of Rights Right to trial Right to elect members of parliament Right to independent judicial system
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Success for the Colonists
George Washington assigned commanding general of the army Americans had little money Advantage of fighting on own land British were over confident Began well for the Americans
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Success for the Colonists
Began poorly for the British Americans positioned cannons overlooking Boston British troops evacuated British troops defeat Washington at the Battle of Long Island Britain was three thousand miles away War would be expensive for tax weary Britains
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Success for Colonists Continental Army driven into New Jersey
Crossed the Delaware and defeated British troops at Trenton 1777 British defeat Washington in New Jersey Washington moves to Pennsylvania
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Success for Colonists Philadelphia fell to the British
Washington’s army spent the winter at Valley Forge British winning in upstate New York Battle of Saratoga British surrendered
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Success for Colonists Benjamin Franklin was seeking a Treaty with France Victory at Saratoga convinced the French to help colonists Next two years Americans strengthened their forces
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Success for Colonists British strategy to divide the colonies in two
British captured Savanna, Georgia in 1778 Charleston, South Carolina 1778 American made numerous attacks on the British
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Success for Colonists September 1781 French and American armies surrounded the British After weeks of siege Lord Cornwallis and his troops surrendered at Yorktown October 19, 1781 American colonists won their independence
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America Creates a Republic
September 1783 British signed the Treaty of Paris Recognized America’s independence Set up geographic boundaries for the United States Received greater territory than the 13 colonies Americans had to build a nation
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A weak National Government
Articles of Confederation Approved 1781 Made national government weak (avoid abuses) Government had no power to tax Could not negotiate foreign treaties Government was weak and ineffective
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A new Constitution 1787 delegates met in Philadelphia
Constitutional Convention George Washington presided James Madison played a leading role Delegates met for four months
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The Constitution 1787 signed the Constitution
1789 Constitution ratified Constitution created a federal system of government Federal system-certain powers are held by the federal government other powers reserved for the State government
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The Constitution National government divided into three branches
Executive branch- the president power to carry out laws Judicial branch-interprets the laws Congress the legislative branch- makes the laws
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The Constitution Congress has two branches
Lower house- House of Representatives Upper house- the Senate System of checks and balances so one branch does not become too powerful
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The Constitution Influenced by the Enlightenment
Founding principle the government exists for the people Reflects Locke and Rousseau Idea of government by the consent of the people
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The Bill of Rights Wanted protection for the rights of citizens
Bill of Rights- first ten amendments to the Constitution Protect natural rights by Voltaire, Locke, and Rousseau Freedom of speech and religion Guarantees due process of law
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Impact of National Government
America’s revolution had an impact on other countries Turning point of people’s ideas about government Expressed optimism that reason and reform could prevail Monarchies and privileged classes didn’t give up power or position easily
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Impact of American Government
Struggle to attain principles led to a revolution in France French Revolution 1789 Inspired by the American people
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