1. Building Codes

2. Building codes: collapse prevention

3. The Uniform Building Code Building Seismic Safety Council (FEMA), 1996 Evolution of earthquake hazard maps UBC-Level 4, area of highest risk

4. Areas of High Population/Seismic Risk

5. Seismic zones and Faults

6. Seismic zones and population

7. Damage Mapped by Damaged Buildings

8. Structural problems Earth material Soft story HOG Cripple wall House off foundation Chimneys Water heaters URM

9. Uniform Building Codes 1927- First UBC required, fire safety updated every 3 years recognition of new weaknesses in designs recognition how earth materials influence seismic waves

10. Soft Story Collapse Parking garage is a soft story Scenes like this were familiar near the epicenter Where have you seen this type of structure?

11. Uniform Building Code 1973- requires bracing of cripple walls 1991- stronger bracing for cripple walls

12. Cripple wall retrofit

13. Uniform Building Code 1935- Foundation bolting

14. Bolting Methods

15. Chimneys Built before 1970 Not properly reinforced Tear down chimney 2007 building code –Specific types of brick and mortar –Extensive anchoring with specific requirements of attachment

16. 1991-Bracing of water heaters Uniform Building Code

17. 1935- reinforcement of masonry foundations 1986- Unreinforced Masonry retrofit law 1993- how retrofitting is done Uniform Building Code

18. Full Operational OperationalLife safeNear Collapse Safety-critical objective Essential/hazardous objective Basic objective M6.5 M7.0 M8.0 M7.5 Building Code Objective