1. Felecia Barrett Jessica Pierre Carl Robertson Professor D’Agostino BLS 150 Hostos Community College Fall 2011 Case Control Study On Adolescent Pregnancy

2. Introduction  United States has the highest adolescent pregnancy rate.  1/3 of adolescents get pregnant before age 20.  750,000 adolescents get pregnant annually  8 in 10 pregnancies are unintended.  81% are unmarried.  Jessica Pierre

3. Introduction  Adolescent pregnancy is relevant to our community because it is an epidemic and affects society as a whole.  Adolescents are sought upon in communities as too young to make certain decisions.  When these situations arise it takes twice the work to make the best of it.  Requires extra work from all members of the community and although it may not directly impact each person in that community but has a long term effect on society.  Felecia Barrett

4. WHAT IS ADOLESCENT PREGANANCY?  Adolescent is a juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity.  Pregnancy is the state of being pregnant, the period that a female carries a developing fetus from conception to birth.  Adolescent pregnancy is when a girl between the ages of 13- 19 become pregnant.  Felecia Barrett

5. MECHANISM OF ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY  Puberty beginning at an early age  Low self esteem  Limited education  Low community income  Sexual pressure from peers  Single parent families  Lack of parental supervision  Product of a teenage pregnancy  Having an older spouse  Engages in alcohol and drug abuse  School dropout  Carl Robertson

6. Symptoms  Missed Period  Breast enlargement and breast tenderness  Fatigue  Nausea/ Vomiting/Excess Saliva  Frequent Urination  Light-headedness or actual fainting  Abdominal distention  Jessica Pierre

7. Treatment  Prenatal Care  Adequate nutrition  Sex Education  Preventive Education  Parenting Education Felecia B Felecia Barrett

8. Risk FACTOR 1: Economic Disadvantage  MECHANISM:  Single Parent Household  Household Income  Lack of communication between child and parent(s)  Unavailability of contraceptives due to social and economic reasons  Prostitution  Carl

9. Risk Factor 2: Sex Education  MECHANISM:  Limited education  Lack of community coordinated programs for youth  Abstinence only programs have no significant effect on reducing pregnancy  Sex education programs significantly reduce adolescent pregnancy  Jessica

10. RISK FACTOR 3: Single/Teen Parent  MECHANISM:  Children raised in broken homes are more likely to continue the pattern  Although not socially accepted can be looked upon in certain homes as a norm  These parents usually don’t have enough time to interact with teens and prevent pregnancy  Felecia Barrett  Felecia B

11. Adolescent Pregnancy Rate

12. ADOLESCENT Pregnancy

14. Literature Review: TEEN/Single Parents  Risk Factors of Teenage, Maria Sieuttou  Recent studies show that culture plays a major role.  Main factors contributing to the incidence of teenage pregnancy are socioeconomic and related to cultural backgrounds.  Felecia B

15. Literature Review: SEX EDUCATION  Abstinence-Only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy (Kholer, Pamela K., et al.)  Examined the correlation between abstinence only programs and pregnancy.  Examined the correlation between sex education programs and pregnancy.  Conclusion: Abstinence only programs did not reduce the risk of pregnancy but sex education programs did reduce the risk.

16. Literature Review: Economic disadvantage  Vital Signs: Teen Pregnancy (Pazol K. et al.)  Pregnancy remains high among blacks and Hispanics  Teenage pregnancy has declined with other races

17. Hypothesis  Economic disadvantage, sex education, and single/teen parent homes are risk factors for adolescent pregnancy  Mechanisms Summarized:  Unavailability of contraceptives and low household incomes increase risk of pregnancy.  Sex education programs decrease the risk of pregnancy.  Children raised in broken homes increase the risk of pregnancy.

18. Bibliography  Sawhill, Isabel and Thomas, Adam. “An ounce of prevention: Policy prescriptions to reduce the prevalence of fragile families  Pamela, Kohler K. Lisa Manhart E. et al. “Abstinence-Only programs and Comprehensive sex education and the Initiation of sexual activity and Teen Pregnancy.” Journal of Adolescent Health (2008) 344-351  Brent C. Miller and Brad Benson “Family Relationships and Adolescent Pregnancy Risk: A research synthesis.” Academic Press (2001)  Eugenbein DS, Felice ME “JenkinsRR Medline Plus.”  Pazol K, Warner, L PH.D caloghon “Vital Signs: Teenage Pregancy” Department of Health and Human resources (2009)  Siettou, Maria “Risk Factors of Teenage pregnancy”