1. Virtual Communities and Science in the Large Dr. Carl Kesselman ISI Fellow Director, Center for Grid Technologies Information Sciences Institute Research Professor Computer Science Viterbi School of Engineering University of Southern California

2. 2 Acknowledgements l Ian Foster, with whom I developed many of these slides l Bill Allcock, Charlie Catlett, Kate Keahey, Jennifer Schopf, Frank Siebenlist, Mike Wilde @ ANL/UC l Ann Chervenak, Ewa Deelman, Laura Pearlman, Mike D’Arcy, Gaurang Mehta, SCEC @ USC/ISI l Karl Czajkowski, Steve Tuecke @ Univa l Numerous other fine colleagues l NSF, DOE, IBM for research support

3. 3 Context: System-Level Science Problems too large &/or complex to tackle alone …

4. 4 Seismic Hazard Analysis (T. Jordan & SCEC) Seismic Hazard Model Seismicity Paleoseismology Local site effects Geologic structure Faults Stress transfer Crustal motion Crustal deformation Seismic velocity structure Rupture dynamics

5. 5 SCEC Community Model IntensityMeasuresEarthquake Forecast Model AttenuationRelationship 1 Standardized Seismic Hazard Analysis Ground motion simulation Physics-based earthquake forecasting Ground-motion inverse problem Structural Simulation AWM GroundMotions SRM Unified Structural Representation Faults Motions Stresses Anelastic model 2 AWP = Anelastic Wave Propagation = SRM = Site Response Model RDMFSM 3 FSM = Fault System Model RDM = Rupture Dynamics Model Invert Other Data GeologyGeodesy 4 2 3 1 4 5 5

6. 6 Science Takes a Village … l Teams organized around common goals u People, resource, software, data, instruments… l With diverse membership & capabilities u Expertise in multiple areas required l And geographic and political distribution u No location/organization possesses all required skills and resources l Must adapt as a function of the situation u Adjust membership, reallocate responsibilities, renegotiate resources

7. 7 Virtual Organizations l From organizational behavior/management: u "a group of people who interact through interdependent tasks guided by common purpose [that] works across space, time, and organizational boundaries with links strengthened by webs of communication technologies" (Lipnack & Stamps, 1997) l The impact of cyberinfrastructure u People  computational agents & services u Communication technologies  IT infrastructure, i.e. Grid “The Anatomy of the Grid”, Foster, Kesselman, Tuecke, 2001

8. 8 Forming & Operating (Scientific) Communities l Define VO membership and roles, & enforce laws and community standards u I.e., policy l Build, buy, operate, & share community infrastructure u Data, programs, services, computing, storage, instruments l Define and perform collaborative work u Use shared infrastructure, roles, & policy u Manage community workflow

9. 9 Forming & Operating (Scientific) Communities l Define VO membership and roles, & enforce laws and community standards u I.e., policy l Build, buy, operate, & share community infrastructure u Data, programs, services, computing, storage, instruments u Service-oriented architecture l Define and perform collaborative work u Use shared infrastructure, roles, & policy u Manage community workflow

10. 10 Defining Community: Membership and Laws l Identify VO participants and roles u For people and services l Specify and control actions of members u Empower members  delegation u Enforce restrictions  federate policy A 12 B 12 A B 1 10 1 1 16

11. 11 Policy Challenges in VOs l Restrict VO operations based on characteristics of requestor u VO dynamics create challenges l Intra-VO u VO specific roles u Mechanisms to specify/enforce policy at VO level l Inter-VO u Entities/roles in one VO not necessarily defined in another VO Access granted by community to user Site admission- control policies Effective Access Policy of site to community

12. 12 Core Security Mechanisms l Authentication and digital signature u “Identity” of communicating party l Attribute Assertions u C asserts that S has attribute A with value V l Delegation u C asserts that S can perform O on behalf of C l Namespaces and Attribute mapping u {A 1, A 2 … A n } vo1  {A’ 1, A’ 2 … A’ n } vo2 l Policy u Entity with attributes A asserted by C may perform operation O on resource R

13. 13 Security Services for VO Policy l Attribute Authority (ATA) u Issue signed attribute assertions (incl. identity, delegation & mapping) l Authorization Authority (AZA) u Decisions based on assertions & policy l Use with message/transport level security VO A Service VO ATA VO AZA Mapping ATA VO B Service VO User A Delegation Assertion User B can use Service A VO-A Attr  VO-B Attr VO User B Resource Admin Attribute VO Member Attribute VO Member Attribute

14. 14 Security Services in Practice VO Rights Users Rights’ Compute Center Access Services (running on user’s behalf) Rights Local policy on VO identity or attribute authority CAS or VOMS issuing SAML or X.509 ACs SSL/WS-Security with Proxy Certificates Authz Callout: SAML, XACML KCA MyProxy

15. 15 Forming & Operating Scientific Communities l Define VO membership and roles, & enforce laws and community standards u I.e., policy l Build, buy, operate, & share community infrastructure u Data, programs, services, computing, storage, instruments l Define and perform collaborative work u Use shared infrastructure, roles, & policy u Manage community workflow

16. 16 Facilities Computers Storage Networks Services Software People Implementation System-Level Problem Grid technology Decomposition U. Colorado Experimental Model NCSA Computational Model COORD. UIUC Experimental Model

17. 17 Beyond Science Silos: Service-Oriented Architecture l Decompose across network l Clients integrate dynamically u Select & compose services u Select “best of breed” providers u Publish result as a new service l Decouple resource & service providers Function Resource Data Archives Analysis tools Discovery tools Users Fig: S. G. Djorgovski

18. 18 Decomposition Enables Separation of Concerns & Roles User Service Provider “Provide access to data D at S1, S2, S3 with performance P” Resource Provider “Provide storage with performance P1, network with P2, …” D S1 S2 S3 D S1 S2 S3 Replica catalog, User-level multicast, … D S1 S2 S3

19. 19 Providing VO Services: (1) Integration from Other Sources l Negotiate service level agreements l Delegate and deploy capabilities/services l Provision to deliver defined capability l Configure environment l Host layered functions Community A Community Z …

20. 20 Deploying New Services Policy Client Environment Activity Allocate/provision Configure Initiate activity Monitor activity Control activity Interface Resource provider Current mechanisms include: GRAM, Workspaces (Keahey, et al), HAND (Qi, et al)

21. 21 Virtualizing Existing Services into a VO l Establish service agreement with service u E.g., WS-Agreement, GRAM l Delegate use to VO user User A VO Admin User B VO User Existing Services

22. 22 www.opensciencegrid.org Jobs (2004) Open Science Grid  50 sites (15,000 CPUs) & growing  400 to >1000 concurrent jobs  Many applications + CS experiments; includes long-running production operations  Up since October 2003; few FTEs central ops

23. 23 VO User Embedded Resource Management Cluster Resource Manager GRAM Cluster Resource Manager GRAM VO admin delegates credentials to be used by downstream VO services. VO admin starts the required services. VO jobs comes in directly from the upstream VO Users VO job gets forwarded to the appropriate resource using the VO credentials Computational job started for VO Client-side VO Scheduler Other Services VO Admin... Monitoring and control Headnode Resource Manager GRAM Deleg VO User VO Job

24. 24 The Condor Brick Deploy Brick Allocate resources Initiate management services Execute Jobs via Condor-C Local Condor Environment Public Network Private Network Allocate resources Initiate job starters (i.e. glidein) GRAM VO Admin VO User

25. 25 Policy for Dynamic VO Service Hosting Environment Service PDP DoIt Service Container PDP VO PDP User Create doit AddPolicy if Role=VO/Admin Role=HE/Service_Creator CreateService if Role=HE/ServiceCreator AddUser DoIt if VO_PDP(Attrs)=yes & Role=HE/Doer VO ATA DoIt if Role=VO/Doer

26. 26 Providing VO Services: (2) Coordination & Composition l Take a set of provisioned services … … & compose to synthesize new behaviors l This is traditional service composition u But must also be concerned with emergent behaviors, autonomous interactions u See the work of the agent & PlanetLab communities “Brain vs. Brawn: Why Grids and Agents Need Each Other," Foster, Kesselman, Jennings, 2004.

27. 27 Birmingham The Globus-Based LIGO Data Grid Replicating >1 Terabyte/day to 8 sites >120 million replicas so far MTBF = 1 month LIGO Gravitational Wave Observatory www.globus.org/solutions  Cardiff AEI/Golm

28. 28 l Pull “missing” files to a storage system List of required Files GridFTP Local Replica Catalog Replica Location Index Data Replication Service Reliable File Transfer Service Local Replica Catalog GridFTP Data Replication Service “Design and Implementation of a Data Replication Service Based on the Lightweight Data Replicator System,” Chervenak et al., 2005 Replica Location Index Data Movement Data Location Data Replication

29. 29 Hypervisor/OS Deploy hypervisor/OS Composing Resources … Composing Services Physical machine Procure hardware VM Deploy virtual machine Provisioning, management, and monitoring at all levels JVM Deploy container DRS Deploy service GridFTP RLS VO Services GridFTP

30. 30 Community Commons l What capabilities are available to VO? u Membership changes, state changes l Require mechanisms to aggregate and update VO information VO-specific indexes S S SS Information A A A FRESH MORE The age of information

31. 31 GT4 Container Monitoring and Discovery Services MDS- Index GT4 Cont. RFT MDS- Index GT4 Container MDS- Index Registration & WSRF/WSN Access GridFTP adapter Custom protocols for non-WSRF entities Clients (e.g., WebMDS) GRAMUser Automated registration in container WS-ServiceGroup

32. 32 Forming & Operating Scientific Communities l Define VO membership and roles, & enforce laws and community standards u I.e., policy l Build, buy, operate, & share community infrastructure u Data, programs, services, computing, storage, instruments u Service-oriented architecture l Define and perform collaborative work u Use shared infrastructure, roles, & policy u Manage community workflow

33. 33 Collaborative Work Executed Executing Executable Not yet executable Query Edit Schedule Execution environment What I Did What I Want to Do What I Am Doing … Time

34. 34 Managing Collaborative Work l Process as “workflow,” at different scales, e.g.: u Run 3-stage pipeline u Process data flowing from expt over a year u Engage in interactive analysis l Need to keep track of: u What I want to do (will evolve with new knowledge) u What I am doing now (evolve with system config.) u What I did (persistent; a source of information)

35. 35 Problem Refinement l Given: desired result and constraints u desired result (high-level, metadata description) u application components u resources in the Grid (dynamic, distributed) u constraints & preferences on solution quality l Find: an executable job workflow u A configuration that generates the desired result u A specification of resources to be used u Sequence of operations: create agreement, move data, request operation l May create workflow incrementally as information becomes available "Mapping Abstract Complex Workflows onto Grid Environments," Deelman, Blythe, Gil, Kesselman, Mehta, Vahi, Arbree, Cavanaugh, Blackburn, Lazzarini, Koranda, 2003.

36. 36 Trident: The GriPhyN Virtual Data System Abstract workflow Local planner DAGman DAG Statically Partitioned DAG DAGman & Condor-G Dynamically Planned DAG VDL Program Virtual Data catalog Virtual Data Workflow Generator Job Planner Job Cleanup Workflow spec Create Execution Plan Grid Workflow Execution

37. 37 Seismic Hazard Curve Ground motion that will be exceeded every year Exceeded every year Ground motion that a person can expect to be exceeded during their lifetime Typical design for buildings Typical design for hospitals Typical design for nuclear power plant Exceeded 1 time in 10 years Exceeded 1 time in 100 years Exceeded 1 time in 1000 years Exceeded 1 time in 10,000 years Annual frequency of exceedance Ground Motion – Peak Ground Acceleration 0.10.20.30.40.50.6 Carl’s house during Northridge Minor damageModerate damage 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years

38. 38 SCEC Cybershake l Calculate hazard curves by generating synthetic seismograms from estimated rupture forecast Rupture Forecast Synthetic Seismogram Strain Green Tensor Hazard Curve Spectral Acceleration Hazard Map

39. 39 Cybershake on the SCEC VO TeraGrid Compute TeraGrid Storage VO Scheduler Workflow Scheduler/Engine VO Service Catalog Provenance Catalog Data Catalog SCEC Storage

40. 40 Summary (1): Community Services l Community roll, city hall, permits, licensing & police force u Assertions, policy, attribute & authorization services l Directories, maps u Information services l City services: power, water, sewer u Deployed services l Shops, businesses u Composed services l Day-to-day activities u Workflows, visualization l Tax board, fees, economic considerations u Barter, planned economy, eventually markets

41. 41 Summary (2) l Community based science will be the norm u Requires collaborations across sciences— including computer science l Many different types of communities u Differ in coupling, membership, lifetime, size l Must think beyond science stovepipes u Increasingly the community infrastructure will become the scientific observatory l Scaling requires a separation of concerns u Providers of resources, services, content l Small set of fundamental mechanisms required to build communities

42. 42 For More Information l Globus Alliance u www.globus.org l NMI and GRIDS Center u www.nsf-middleware.org u www.grids-center.org l Infrastructure u www.opensciencegrid.org u www.teragrid.org l Background u www.isi.edu/~carl 2nd Edition www.mkp.com/grid2