1. CHAPTER 3: COMMUNITIES + BIOMES Section 3-2: Biomes p.70-83

2. What is a Biome? A large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climax community Two Types: –Terrestrial –Aquatic

3. Aquatic Biomes Marine –AKA: Oceans or saltwater –Abiotic factors: Salinity Depth Light Temperature

4. Parts of the Ocean Photic zone –Portion of the marine biome that is shallow enough for light to penetrate –Examples: Bays Rocky shores Sandy beaches Coral reefs

5. Parts of the Ocean Aphotic zone –Deeper water that never receives sunlight

6. Ocean Zones

7. Estuaries Coastal body of water, partially surrounded by land, in which freshwater and salt water mix –River ‘meets’ ocean salinity –Can differ in amount of salinity (salt) compared to seawater + freshwater

8. Tides Caused by the gravitational pull of sun + moon

9. Effects of Tides Intertidal zoneIntertidal zone –Portion of the shoreline that lies between high and low tide lines

10. Effects of Tides –Size Varies due to slope of land + difference between high + low tide –High Levels of sunlight, nutrients, + oxygen –Zones differ in rockiness + wave action

11. In the Light The further out in the ocean, the less effect waves or tides have on the ecosystem photicThe photic zone has abundant life + high productivity

12. In the Light PlanktonPlankton –Small organisms that drift + float in the waters of the photic zone –Includes: Autotrophs Diatoms Juvenile animals –Makes up the base of all aquatic food chains

13. Aquatic Food Chain/Web

14. In the Dark planktonMany animals living in the deeper parts of the ocean still depend upon plankton for food

15. Freshwater Biome Includes: –Lakes –Ponds –Streams –Rivers

16. Freshwater Biome Limiting Factors: –Temperature –Light

17. Other Aquatic Biomes - WETLANDS Swamps –Have trees Marshes –Found inland/coastal –Water flows –Food sources for migratory birds Bogs –Gets water from rain

18. Terrestrial Biomes

19. Latitude Describes your position in degrees north and south of the equator At different latitudes, the sun strikes the Earth differently. As a result, the climates are different –EX: Wind, cloud cover, temperature, humidity These are both abiotic factors that affect what plants + animals will survive in a given area

21. Climatographs

22. Life on the Tundra Location –Area that circles the north pole Description –Treeless land with long summer days and short periods of winter sunlight Temperature –Yearly = 10 – 20 o F Permafrost –Top layer of ground that is permanently frozen Soil –Very thin but can support shallow-rooted grasses + plants Climate –Windy –Long summer days –Short growing season –Less than 10” rain/year

23. Life on the Tundra Plants Animals Cushion plant Dwarf shrub

24. Life on the Taiga Location –South of the tundra –Also known as Boreal or Coniferous forest Description –Continuous belt of coniferous trees (larch, fir, hemlock, + spruce) Temperature –Warmer + wetter than tundra Climate –Harsh –Long, severe winters + short, mild summers Soil –Topsoil is acidic + poor in minerals –Has more trees than tundra

25. Life on the Taiga Plants Animals Spruce Hemlock

26. Life in the Desert Location –Mid to southern latitudes Description –Arid region with almost nonexistent plant life Temperature –Hot during day –Cold at night Rainfall –Less than 25 cm/year Adaptations –Plants Thick stems Spines Poisons –Animals Underground during day, out at night

27. Life in the Desert Plants Animals creosote

28. Life in the Grassland Location –Mid to southern latitudes Description –Large communities covered with rich soil, grasses, + similar plants Temperature –Wet/humid or Hot/cold Rainfall –25-75 cm/year Soil –Rich in humus –Sodded areas, few trees “Breadbaskets” –Ideal for growing cereal grains

29. Life in the Grassland Plants Animals sunflowers Blazing stars oats

30. Life in the Grassland Other names for Grasslands –Prairie –Steppes –Savannas –Pampas

31. Life in Temperate Forest Location –Mid latitudes Description –Forest dominated by broad- leaved hardwood trees that lose their foliage annually –AKA – Deciduous forest Temperature –Has 4 seasons Rainfall –70-150 cm/year Soil –Rich in humus + clay –Lots of vegetation

32. Life in Temperate Forest Plants Animals maple elm

33. Life in Rain Forests Location –near equator –Occupy 6% of Earth’s surface Description –Extensive amounts of moisture supplied by rainfall or by coastal clouds + fog Temperature –Avg temp 77 o F Rainfall –50-260 inches/year Climate –Hot + humid (77-88%) Soil –Very poor at ground level

34. Life in Rain Forests So Many Species Hypotheses: –Since no “ICE AGE” in tropics, species were able to evolve + create more biodiversity –Year-round warm temperature allows for ideal growing conditions for food supply for organisms

35. Vertical Layering Ground –Dark, moist floor –Leaves + organic matter Understory –Still air, humid, dark –Low level vegetation (vines, epiphytes) Canopy –“living roof” –Most of life found here –Emergents (tall trees)

36. Life in Rain Forest Plants Animals ferns epiphyte Palm tree