2.  1. Organism  Individual organisms interacting with the environment  2. Population  Group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area  3. Community  All the populations of different species that inhabit a particular area  4. Ecosystem  All the biotic and abiotic components in a certain area  Landscapes - array of ecosystems

4.  The biosphere is the global ecosystem.  It extends from  an altitude of several kilometers  to 3,000 m beneath Earth's surface  to a depth of several kilometers in the oceans  The biosphere is self-contained and characterized by patchiness.

5.  Major abiotic factors determine the biosphere's structure and dynamics

6.  The Earth’s tilt causes the seasons – The seasons of the year result from the permanent tilt of the plant on its axis as it orbits the sun  https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=O9ha wBb3wbk https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=O9ha wBb3wbk

7.  Disturbances such as fire, hurricanes  Temperature and Wind

8.  Because of its curvature, Earth receives an uneven distribution of solar energy  The tilt of the Earth's axis causes the seasons of the year  Globe's position relative to the sun changes through the year  The tropics experience the least seasonal variation in solar radiation  Uneven heating causes rain and winds  The direct intense solar radiation near the equator has an impact on the global patterns of rainfall and winds  The tropics experience the greatest annual input and least seasonal variation in solar radiation

9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye4 5DGkqUkE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2m ec3vgeaI

10.  Generally modify climate of nearby land  Landforms can also affect local climate  Variations in climate determine the character of the world's biomes http://gpb.pbslearningme dia.org/resource/ttv10.sci. ess.watcyc.currents/the- role-of-ocean-currents-in- climate/ http://earth.nullschool.net/#curre nt/wind/surface/level/orthograp hic=-75.00,0.00,247

11.  Species exist in a given place because they evolve there or disperse there.  Unique adaptations that fit a particular environment allow organisms to survive there.  Organisms vary greatly in their ability to tolerate fluctuations and long-term changes in their environment.

13.  Human activities affect all parts of the biosphere – Cities, farms, and highways change the landscape – The widespread use of chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides poses problems to people and other organisms.

14.  Abiotic factors influencing the distribution of aquatic biomes  Light  Distance from shore  Availability of nutrients

15.  Estuaries are productive areas where rivers meet the ocean – The saltiness of estuaries ranges from less than 1% to 3% – They provide nursery areas for oysters, crabs, and many fishes – They are often bordered by extensive coastal wetlands – Among the most productive biomes

17.  Tropical forests cluster near the equator

18.  Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees

19.  Deserts are the driest terrestrial biomes

20.  The chaparral is a region of dense, spiny shrubs with tough, evergreen leaves

21.  Temperate grasslands include the North American prairie

22.  Broadleaf trees dominate temperate forests

23.  Coniferous forests are often dominated by a few species of trees

24.  Arctic tundra is a treeless biome.