1. The History of Wildlife

2. History of Wildlife The Era of Abundance (1500-1849)
The Era of Overexploitation ( )
The Era of Protection ( )
The Era of Game Management ( )
The Era of Environmental Management (1966-Present)

3. Era of Abundance Limitless supply
Government set aside forest reserves to help prevent erosion
Kosmos , by Alexander von Humboldt showed humans how closely connected they were to the natural world

4. Era of Overexploitation
Wildlife populations plummeted due to ecessive human activity (hunting, etc.)
White tailed deer became scarce in Eastern US from habitat loss and overhunting.
Heron and Egret populations were decimated by hunters shooting them in their breeding colonies for their plumes for ladies hats

5. Era of Protection 1900 Passage of the Lacey Act
Theodore Roosevelt elected as president in 1901
laws passed that made hunting migratory birds illegal

6. Era of Game Management North American Game Policy was issued in 1930
The committee was chaired by Aldo Ceopo
Pittman – Robertson Act of 1937
Dingall-Johnson Act of 1950

7. Era of Environmental Management
1966- the First Federal Endangered Species Act was passed
1969- the National Environment Quality act was passed
1970- the Environmental Protection Agency was established

8. What are four major approaches which have shaped wildlife management in the U. S.?
Historical Wildlife Management Approaches: The historical patterns of natural resource use may be viewed in regards to the way these resources were managed by private, state and federal agencies. The four principal approaches to resource management are exploitation, preservation, utilitarian, and ecological.

9. The Exploitation Approach:
Viewed a natural resource as something that should be used as intensively as possible to provide the greatest benefit to the user. There was little regard to the harmful impacts of soil erosion, water pollution, wildlife depletion, or air pollution. This thinking was prevalent during the 19th century and the early part of the twentieth century and in some facets is still present today.

10. The Preservation Approach:
Looked at natural resources and especially land as special and in need of protection. The movement was toward withdrawing selected areas from exploitation and establishing parks or preserves to maintain healthy, unimpacted environments. This approach was influential from the 1890s through the 1920s-30s.

11. The Utilitarian Approach:
Emphasized the idea of a sustained yield. Land and resources were managed at a level below their capacity so that natural resources were not exhausted. Policies included restocking fish, reseeding forests, and harvesting animals or vegetation at sustainable rates. The utilitarian approach was influential from the 1930s through the 1960s.

12. The Ecological Approach:
Views the environment and its resources as an interdependent unit. Protection is for more than just harvestable species. Management and utilization of natural resources is approached in a multiple-use perspective. The integrity of the physical and biological systems are intended to be kept intact while meeting the needs for goods, services, and the necessities of life. This approach is reflects developments in ecology and conservation research of the 1970’s and 1980’s.

13. How did wasteful exploitation affect wildlife?
Many species became either endangered or extinct.

14. Threatened Species:
Population species likely to become endangered.

15. Endangered Species:
The population of a species is very low and nearing extinction. The rate of reproduction is not adequate to assure survival.

16. Extinction:
The disappearance of a species from the earth.

17. What are examples of Endangered Species?
Research endangered species
Photo
Scientific Name
Habitat Range
Cause of endangerment

18. What are the primary reasons for specie endangerment?
Assign groups of two. Have students research each reason contributing to endangerment. Should present findings to class. 5 – 7 minute presentation.

19. What are the primary reasons for specie endangerment?
Market Hunting
Pet Trade
Medicinal / Cultural
Introduction of Exotic Species
Pesticides
Genetic Inbreeding
Predator and Pest Control
Habitat Destruction