1. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Research Foundations of Nursing Research Fifth Edition Chapter 6 Review of the Literature Rose Marie Nieswiadomy

2. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy What is a literature review? In the terms of a literature review, "the literature" means the works you consult in order to understand and investigate your research problem.

3. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Definition of the Literature Review Is a written, analytic summary of research findings on a topic of interest. It is a comprehensive compilation of what is know about the phenomenon. The review is guided by the researcher's curiosity about a particular subject and gaps in the knowledge about the subject area.

4. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Why write a review? The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to your project. You should evaluate what has already been done, show the relationships between different work, and show how it relates to your project. It is not supposed to be just a summary of other people's work.

5. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy What sort of questions should the review answer? What do we already know in the area concerned? What are the existing theories? Are there any inconsistencies or other shortcomings? What views need to be (further) tested? What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too limited? Why study (further) the research problem?

6. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective 1 Determine the purposes for the literature review

7. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Purpose of The Literature Review Identifies a research problem and how it can be studied Helps clarify and determine the importance of a research problem Identifies what is known about a problem and identifies gaps (what is unknown) in a particular area of knowledge Provides evidence that a problem is of importance

8. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Purpose of The Literature Review Identifies theoretical frameworks and conceptual models for organizing and conducting research studies Identifies research designs and methodologies for conducting like studies Help to refine study topic Narrow the study topic

9. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Other Helpful Aspects Helps plan study methodology Locates study instruments Suggests ways to analyze data Capitalizes on successes in the past Prevents errors of other researchers

10. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Purposes of a Literature Review (cont.) Purposes for Nonresearchers (examples): –Acquiring knowledge on a topic –Evaluating current practices –Developing evidence-based clinical protocols and interventions

11. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy The Literature Review and the Research Process Usually happens early during the research process. In qualitative research, the review may come at the end of the study In a research article, the review of the lit. usually follows the research problem or research question.

12. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective 2 Distinguish between primary and secondary sources in research literature

13. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Primary Sources Is a description of a research study written by the original investigator/s Location: generally found in journal articles [e.g. Clinical Nursing Research, Advance in Nursing Science] Rationale for using: to check study findings and to draw conclusions about research study. It contains Reference citation for earlier research

14. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Secondary Sources Is a summary or description of research study written by someone other than the study investigator/s. Rationale for using: may provide valuable insight into the material. The author of 2ndary sources may misinterpret information that might be valuable to the reader. Use in conjunction with primary sources

15. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy

16. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Question Is the following statement True or False? Researchers should rely heavily on secondary sources for information.

17. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective 3 Discuss print resources that may be used in locating literature references

18. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Conducting a literature review search Research idea - brainstorming about an idea of interest -The practice area is one of the most common sources for research idea.

19. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Locating relevant literature for a research review Electronic literature searches -electronic databases -online search

20. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Search Engines Search engines is “ a collection of software programs that collect information from the web, index it, and put it in a database so it can be searched” (Google) The purpose is to retrieve the information in a format that is accessible visually on screen at an onsite library or in downloadable, readable (full-text) written format.

21. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy databases Database is “ an organized body of related information arranged for speed of access and retrieval”. E.g., MEDLINE. A databese is a storage location, like library, where information is stored, catalogued, maintained, and updated systematically.

22. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Databases Two main types of databases : Bibliographic and full-text Bibliographic : give directions on where to find the information Full-text: contain the information itself.

23. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective 4 Discuss electronic sources that may be used in locating literature references

24. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Electronic Sources Major electronic databases that contain references on nursing include the following: CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature). MEDLINE (Medical Literature Online). Cochrane Database EMBASE (the Excerpta Medica database). psyINFO (Psychology Information).

25. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy The CINAHL database The most popular and useful database for nurses. The database indexes more than 1,800 journals and more than 25,000 full-text articles from 1982- to the present. Can be searched using the EBSCOhost and Ovid and are available for use only through a library. (www.cinahl.com).www.cinahl.com Most searches begin with a subject search, textword search and an author search.

26. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Example of a CINAHL Reference Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 2008 Jan-Mar 31 (1): 35-47 (17 ref) Critical Care Name of journal that Nursing Quarterly:published the study 2008:Year of publication Jan-Mar:Month of publication 31:Volume (1):Issue 35-47:Pages (17 ref)Number of references

27. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Question Is the following statement True or False? The nurse researcher can use CINAHL to search for relevant information published in 1975.

28. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy MEDLINE MEDLINE: provides literature related to medicine, nursing, and dentistry. The focus of information is biomedicine, but is also contains the citations that are provided in CINAHL. MEDLINE: stores and indexes more than 4,500 journals published in more than 70 countries

29. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy The database is updated more frequently than any other database (daily, Monday through Friday). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed Can be searched by using keywords.

30. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Basics of searching Identify concepts from the research question that can be the focus of search. Question “what is the relationship between nurses’ perception of empowerment and retention?” Concepts include empowerment and nurse retention.

31. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Types of Search in Electronic Databases Subject search—Search for topics or keywords in the database. Textword search—Search for specific words (which can be keywords) in text fields of the database record (e.g., in the abstract or title). Author search—Search for a specific researcher.

32. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Online Sources for Nursing Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews o URL addresses o International network of authors and institutions o Archie Cochrane founded in 1993 o Stresses evidence-based practice o Meta-analysis source

33. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Online Sources for Nursing PsycINFO o Psychology and related disciplines o Founded in 1887 to present o 24-hour search

34. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Online Sources for Nursing Dissertation Abstracts Online o ProQuest Information and Learning o Degree-granting institutions o Monthly updates o Selected masters theses

35. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective 5 Obtain references from online journals

36. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Online Journals e-journals e-zines Free journals URL addresses

37. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective 6 Conduct a literature search on a given topic

38. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Strategic Hints for Success Read sources first Record bibliographic information Use reference citations—APA Record references accurately Remember dates and pages

39. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Source Dates Current dates Older than 5 years

40. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Paraphrases and Quotes Search for paraphrases Critically appraise the information Review concisely and to the point

41. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective 7 Extract pertinent information from literature sources

42. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Tips for Extraction Use a variety of resources Do not copy all articles Review articles critically Take notes for retrieval later Use reference format at the beginning

43. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Format Suggestion Acquire all pertinent information Write in reference format from beginning o Index cards o Spiral notebooks o Loose-leaf paper

44. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Format Suggestions Add notes to your retrieval format Remember to add important criteria o Problem statement o Purpose statement o Hypotheses o Methodology o Sample type

45. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Format Suggestions Remember to add important criteria o Instruments o Research findings o Recommendations o Conclusions

46. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Writing a Literature Review: Some Tips Organize the material logically (e.g., work from an outline). Write objectively. Summarize in your own words. Use appropriate language (e.g., “Several studies have found…”). Conclude with a concise state-of-the-art summary of the existing evidence.

47. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Learning Objective 8 Critique the literature review section of research articles

48. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Guidelines for Critiquing Is the literature review comprehensive? Is the literature review concise? Does the review flow logically from the purpose?

49. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Guidelines for Critiquing Are all sources relevant to the study topic? Are sources critically appraised? Are both classic and current sources included?

50. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Guidelines for Critiquing Are paraphrases or direct quotes used most often? Are both supporting and opposing theory and research presented? Are most of the references primary sources?

51. Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Foundations of Nursing Research, 5e By Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Guidelines for Critiquing Can a determination be made if sources are primary or secondary? Are all sources that are cited in the article found on the reference list? Do the references appear to be free of citation errors?