2. MAKING CONNECTIONS LAB

3. SACCONE POWERPOINT Pulse rate per minute (range of averages <5151-6061-7071-8081-90>90 Number of students in this range Per 1 02121110

4. SACCONE POWERPOINT Pulse rate per minute (range of averages <5151-6061-7071-8081-90>90 Number of students in this range Per 4 046340

5. SACCONE POWERPOINT

7. Transport Involves the absorption and circulation of materials throughout an organism

8. Human Circulatory System Closed circulatory system- blood is always in blood vessels. Heart which pumps blood. Network of blood vessels which carry blood to and from all cells of the body.

9. Human Circulatory System

10. Human Heart

11. (II) Heart (II) Heart Composed of cardiac muscle It is a 4-chambered pump composed of 2 atria and 2 ventricles The ventricles have thicker walls than the atria The heart pumps blood through the arteries creating a PULSE & blood pressure

12. Septum Separates the heart into a left side and a right side Left side contains oxygenated blood Right side contains deoxygenated blood

13. (I) Three Kinds of Blood Vessels (I) Three Kinds of Blood Vessels 1. Arteries 2. Veins 3. Capillaries

14. SACCONE POWERPOINT Human Respiration Human Respiration Involves the process of cellular respiration and gas exchange a) cellular respiration: glucose + O 2  H 2 O + CO 2 + 36 ATP’s b) gas exchange: exchange of gases between the internal and external environment with the use of lungs

15. SACCONE POWERPOINT (I) Human Respiratory System Composed of a network of passageways which permits air to flow from the external environment and into the lungs

16. SACCONE POWERPOINT (II) Breathing Process Lungs are highly elastic (stretchable) Breathing is controlled by the medulla Movement of the diaphragm and ribcage causes pressure change in the chest cavity which moves air into and out of the lungs The breathing rate is controlled by the concentration of CO 2 in the blood Inhalation- breathe in Exhalation- breathe out

17. SACCONE POWERPOINT (II) Breathing Process

18. SACCONE POWERPOINT (IV) Gas Exchange 1. In the blood, hemoglobin binds with oxygen from the alveoli to form oxyhemoglobin (HbO 2 ) 2. Carbon dioxide is carried primarily in the plasma of the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 - )

19. SACCONE POWERPOINT (IV) Gas Exchange

20. SACCONE POWERPOINT System Interaction As pulse rate increases the activities of many systems also increases; including respiratory, endocrine, and excretory. The digestive and urinary systems slow down as a result of increased physical activity associated with an increase in pulse. An “oxygen debt” is when the muscles require more oxygen than the respiratory and circulatory systems can supply. Muscle cell in turn, operate using anaerobic respiration which produces lactic acid and the burning associated with strenuous activity.

21. SACCONE POWERPOINT 1. Cellular Respiration Involves a series of enzyme- controlled reactions in which energy in food is broken down into energy that the organism can use (ATP)

22. SACCONE POWERPOINT a) When ATP is broken down, energy is released and ADP is formed ADP = adenosine diphosphate H 2 O + ATP  ADP + P + energy This is the energy used by the body to carry out the functions of life.

23. SACCONE POWERPOINT Types of Respiration 1. Aerobic Respiration -involves the use of oxygen 2. Anaerobic Respiration -oxygen is not used http://www.jccc.net/~pdecell/cellresp/respoverview.html

24. SACCONE POWERPOINT Anaerobic Respiration Also known as Fermentation. Does not require oxygen. Takes place in the cytoplasm of cell. Glucose is either broken down into lactic acid or alcohol and CO 2. As a result of anaerobic respiration, there is a net gain of 2 ATP’s.

25. SACCONE POWERPOINT Anaerobic Respiration & Muscle Fatigue Anaerobic Respiration & Muscle Fatigue glucose  2 lactic acids + 2 ATP’s In each equation, enzymes are used and a net gain of 2 ATP’s are produced.

26. SACCONE POWERPOINT Anaerobic Respiration & Muscle Fatigue Anaerobic Respiration & Muscle Fatigue Trial# of squeezes in 30 seconds 132 229 328 427 526 625 723 821 919 1017

27. SACCONE POWERPOINT Muscle Cells & Homeostasis An increase in pulse rate helps muscle cells maintain homeostasis by delivering more oxygen, water, and glucose to meet the demands of the muscle cells and their activity by means of the blood. More oxygen is obtained by an increase in the activity of the Respiratory system. More water is delivered by a decrease in the production of urine. More glucose is made available by an increase in the activity of the Endocrine system (glycogen  glucose by means of glucagon)

28. SACCONE POWERPOINT Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen Takes place in the mitochondria When we say that glucose is oxidized, we say that it is broken down with the help of oxygen molecules http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~dcp/bio113a/ch910comp.html

29. SACCONE POWERPOINT

30. Equation for Aerobic Respiration glucose + O 2  H 2 O + CO 2 + 36 ATPs glucose + O 2  H 2 O + CO 2 + 36 ATPs Again, enzymes are used and a net of 36 ATPs are produced. Again, enzymes are used and a net of 36 ATPs are produced.

31. SACCONE POWERPOINT Scientific Method 1. Problem 2. Research 3.Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Interpret data 6. Conclusion

32. SACCONE POWERPOINT Experiment 1. Control Group (normal condition) 2.Variable Group (changed based upon what you’re testing) (changed based upon what you’re testing)

33. SACCONE POWERPOINT Typical Experiment Does light affect the growth of a plant? control = plant with normal light 12/12 variable = plant with 24 hours of light variable = plant with no light