1. Chapter 16 The Civil War

2. Essential Question

3. I. Outbreak of War Confederate President Jefferson Davis decides that Fort Sumter protects Charleston (an important city) and must not stay in Northern hands Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard asks for the fort’s surrender – Major Robert Anderson refuses and the Confederates open fire on April 12, 1861

4. Lincoln’s War Plan (Anaconda Plan) 1. Hold on to the border states that still had slavery (Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware) 2. Suspend the right of Habeas Corpus: protects people from being held in prison unlawfully 3. Placed Missouri under Martial Law: rule by the Army to keep it in the Union

5. Resources for War North (Federal/Union) – Twice the farmland – 85% of nation’s factories – 92% of manufactured goods – 71% of nation’s railroads – A navy – Twice the population South (Confederate/Rebel) – Nation’s best military leaders – Fighting a defensive war on their soil – Cotton diplomacy:

6. Training the Soldiers North = blue South = brownish gray Springfield and Enfield rifles Two-person tents

7. Life for Soldiers Old style fighting produced massive casualties No medicines to stop infection or disease Many soldiers had arms and legs amputated without painkillers

8. II. War in the East Virginia – First Battle of Bull Run -Union General = Irvin McDowell -Confederate Generals = Pierre Beauregard and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson – Manassas, Virginia – July 21, 1861 – Congressmen and senators came to watch the battle and have a picnic, very sure about a Union victory – Confederates defeat the Union – soldiers run into congressmen and senators during retreat – KEY:

9. Virginia – Peninsular Campaign – Union General George McClellan – Confederate General Robert E. Lee – May – June, 1862 – McClellan attempts to capture Richmond by invading southern Virginia

10. Virginia – Second Battle of Bull Run Union General John Pope Confederate General Robert E. Lee August 29, 1862 Manassas, Virginia

11. Battle of Antietam – Union General George McClellan vs. Confederate General Robert E. Lee – Antietam Creek, Maryland – September 17, 1862

12. Battle of Antietam – Bloodiest single day of the war – 24,000 casualties – a draw – More casualties than the Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican War combined – KEY:

13. Clash of the Ironclads Ironclads: – Confederates create the C.S.S. Virginia from the hull of an old ship called the Merrimac – New ship would destroy the Union blockade

14. Clash of the Ironclads Union creates their own iron ship – the U.S.S. Monitor – Norfolk Harbor – March 9, 1862 – Both ships battle to a draw – KEY:

15. III. War in the West The Battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson – Union General Ulysses S. Grant captures Confederate forts Henry and Donelson on the Cumberland River in Tennessee

16. Battle of Shiloh Shiloh, Tennessee – April 6-7, 1862 KEY: Shiloh was the bloodiest battle in the West Earns Grant the reputation of being a “butcher”

17. The Fall of New Orleans Largest city in the Confederacy and gateway to Mississippi River Admiral David Farragut Captured the city on April 29, 1862

18. Siege of Vicksburg Union General Ulysses S. Grant led a siege (surround) at Vicksburg, a Mississippi River outpost – starved the citizens of the city Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, 1863 KEY:

19. IV. Daily Life During the War Emancipation Proclamation: – Lincoln needed the proclamation to Deprive the South of their labor force Keep foreign nations out of the war End slavery issue once and for all Issued after the Battle of Antietam to avoid appearing desperate KEY:

20. African Americans in the War African Americans could join after the Proclamation – 186,000 enlisted – contrabands: escaped slaves who could join the Union Army Black soldiers were discriminated against by white soldiers, including less pay

21. Opposition to the War President Jefferson Davis lacked the cooperation of other Confederate states for much needed soldiers and supplies Riots over the Draft, a system that requires men to serve in the military, occurred in both the North and South – could avoid the draft IF you had $300 or hired a substitute Copperheads:

22. Life as a Civilian Once the war started, women in both North and South took over family farms and businesses Others became nurses to help the wounded, both in hospitals and on battlefields Clara Barton:

23. V. The Tide of War Turns Battle of Fredericksburg December, 1862 – Lee defeats Union General Ambrose Burnside at Fredericksburg, Virginia Battle of Chancellorsville

24. “Stonewall” Jackson is Killed Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was shot by his own men He was the best soldier in the Confederate army KEY:

25. Battle of Gettysburg Day 1 – July 1, 1863 – Confederate raiding party runs into Union cavalry – fighting starts – Union soldiers under General George Meade entrench themselves on Cemetery Ridge and Culp’s Hill

26. Battle of Gettysburg Day 2 – July 2, 1863 – Lee orders attack on Union left side by Little Round Top – Confederates stopped at Little Round Top by Union Colonel Joshua Chamberlain

27. Battle of Gettysburg Day 3 – July 3, 1863 – Lee decides to attack the center of Union lines at Cemetery Ridge – Sends General George Pickett to attack – “Pickett’s Charge”

28. Aftermath of Gettysburg Lee’s troops never again launch an attack in the North Ends chances of foreign aid for the South November 19, 1863, Lincoln issues The Gettysburg Address:

29. Wilderness Campaign in the East Grant named commander of all Union forces in 1864, brought East to take on Lee Wilderness Campaign: Grant suffers heavy losses, but continues to push through Virginia knowing Lee could not replace his losses

30. Sherman Strikes the South Union General Sherman captures Atlanta on Sept. 2, 1864 – Sherman marches to Savannah, leaving a path of destruction – then moves north to Virginia Total War: Sherman’s destruction of the South created a lot of resentment

31. Total War - Richmond

32. The South Surrenders Union troops capture Richmond on April 3, 1865 Lee decides that further fighting would be useless – on April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia Grant allows Lee’s soldiers to keep their horses, and gives Confederates some food Cost of the War:

33. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan Lincoln wanted to forgive rather than punish the South A former Confederate state could enter the Union again if:

34. Lincoln’s Assassination On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated – Place: Ford’s Theater, Washington, D.C. – Assassin: John Wilkes Booth – Result: