1. Comparative Forms More About Adjectives

2. REVIEW OF THE BASICS How many declensions are there for adjectives? TWO What are they? 1 st -2 nd AND 3 rd How can you tell the declension? 1 st – 2 nd look for the –a 3 rd look for the -is

3. Review of the Basics cont. How do you get the BASE of an adjective? Drop the –a or -is

4. Attributes of an Adjective All adjectives have GENDER, NUMBER, CASE and DEGREE The gender, number and case depend on the noun that the adjective is modifying.

5. EXAMPLES longam viam multos mercatores canem ferum domino irato magnis exercitibus

6. DEGREES There are three degrees for an adjective. POSITIVE - big COMPARATIVE - bigger SUPERLATIVE - biggest

7. HOW TO FORM THE COMPARATIVE 1.Get the base of the adjective 2.Add -ior or -ius 3.Add 3 rd declension NOUN endings to make the adjective agree with the gender, number and case of the noun being modified

8. EXAMPLE taller horses - accusative plural equos (always do the noun first) altus, alta, altum drop the – a to get the base alt----

9. Add ior altior---- Add an accusative, plural, masculine 3 rd decl noun ending to altior---- to make it agree with equos Equos altiores

10. Dissecting the adjective alt ior es basease comparative ending The ending is acc. pl. masc. because the noun was acc. pl. masc. The ending is –es because comparative forms are 3 rd declension

11. WHEN DO YOU USE –IUS? The –ius form is ONLY used for NEUTER, SINGULAR NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE. ALL other forms use -ior

12. Here are all the possible forms MASC / FEM SINGULAR MASC / FEM PLURAL NEUTER SINGULAR NEUTER PLURAL -ior-iores-ius-iora -ioris-iorum-ioris-iorum -iori-ioribus-iori-ioribus -iorem-iores-ius-iora -iore-ioribus-iore-ioribus

13. NOTA BENE Notice the form for the masculine/feminine singular, nominative does NOT add ANY ending. It is just -ior Notice the neuter, nominative and accusative singular use -ius

14. NOTA BENE Notice the endings you add are 3 rd declension endings. It does not matter what declension an adjective is. Once it is put in the comparative, it uses the COMPARATIVE ENDINGS.

15. TRANSLATIONS THERE ARE FOUR WAYS TO TRANSLATE THE COMPARATIVE too rather more -----er

16. Some examples rather angry leaders (acc. pl) duces iratiores more beautiful flowers (dat. pl.) floribus pulchrioribus faster horse (nom. sing.) equus celerior

17. TRY THESE 1.rather sad girl (acc. sing.) 2.taller man (abl. sing) 3.more serious dangers (abl. pl.) puella, puellae; tristis, triste vir, viri; altus, alta, altum periculum, periculi; gravis, grave

18. ANSWERS puellam tristiorem viro altiore periculis gravioribus

19. Try these sentences. Use the translation option “rather” 1.Equum celeriorem habeo. 2.Nostri milites sunt fortiores. 3.Servi, qui in agro laborabant, iratiores erant. 4.Nocte in illa urbe periculum est gravius. 5.Bellum, quod contra illos pugnavimus, longius erat. 6.Amici Caecili fabulam miriorem de versipelle audiverunt.

20. Try these. Use the translation option “too” 1.Hic est iratior 2.Illa est inimicior 3.Hi sunt fortiores 4.Illa fabula erat longior 5.Hoc bellum est longius 6.Illud iter erit periculosius

21. HOW TO EXPRESS “than” Option #1: Simply use quam Marcus est fortior quam Drusus Marcus is stronger than Drusus Meus equus est celerior quam tuus equus My horse is faster than your horse

22. Option #2 : The Ablative of Comparison Put the 2 nd of the two words that are being compared in the ablative. When you translate you add the word “than” into the English sentence. There will NOT be any WORD in the Latin sentence that means “than”. The idea comes from the 2 nd word being put into the ablative case. Marcus est fortior Druso Marcus is stronger than Drusus Meus equus est celerior tuo equo My horse is faster than your horse

23. Try these 1.Haec epistula est longior quam illa epistula 2.Hi montes sunt altiores quam illi. 3.Meus canis est ferior quam ille canis

24. Try these 1.Haec epistula est longior ill ā epistul ā 2.Hi montes sunt altiores illis. 3.Meus canis est ferior illo cane

25. Ablative of Degree of Difference multo and paulo are used to express the degree of difference with a comparative. multo - much paulo - a little

26. examples Hic est multo iratior quam ille. Hi milites erant paulo fortiores illis. Ille nuntius erat paulo longior hoc nuntio. Illi servi sunt multo miseriores quam nostri servi