1. GPS How it Works For a full tutorial on GPS and its applications visit the Trimble WebsiteTrimble Website

2. What is GPS? Global Positioning System is a worldwide radio- navigation system formed from a constellation of satellites Dependent on line of sight

3. GPS Systems NAVSTAR (Navigation System Timing and Ranging) –United States GLONASS –Russian Global Navigation SS GALILEO –European Union COMPASS (BeiDou) –Chinese Navigation System IRNSS –Indian Regional Navigational SS

4. Components of GPS Space –Satellites Control –Ground control and antennas and monitoring stations User –Military, civil, commercial, scientific

5. Satellites (SV’s) 32 satellites Orbit at 12,600 miles Six orbital planes Each SV has a ½ sidereal day orbital period ~ Nine satellites are visible at any given time Garmin

6. Control Segment

7. Users Civilian –Cartography, Cellular networks, fleet tracking, navigationetc. Military –Navigation, target tracking, munitions guidance, and reconnaissance –Nuclear detonation detectors

8. How do we determine our position? We have to determine our precise distance to at least 4 GPS satellites –We need extremely accurate clocks In addition to distance we need to know exactly where the satellites are in space. Lastly, we correct for any delays the signal experiences as it travels through the atmosphere.

9. How GPS works

11. Information sent in the GPS signal GPS timing signal (PRC) Ephemeris –Satellite orbit information –Updated every 2 hours valid for 4 hours Almanac –Orbit and status for all 32 satellites –Error corrections

12. Sync Satellite and Receiver We need to have an accurate measure of the radio signal travel time Atomic Clock –Use oscillations of an atom for timing A fourth measurement is used to determine the position – The receiver looks for a single correction factor that it can subtract from all its timing measurements that would cause them all to intersect at a single point

13. Correcting Errors Charge particles in the ionoshpere and water vapor in troposhpere slows the GPS signal Multipath error Tiny errors that occur at the satellite Selective Availability

14. Differential GPS Relies on the operation of two receivers –One is stationary and its location is know precisely –The second is roving and making measurements (this is YOU!) The reference station “knows” where it is located –It uses that information to correct the timing from the GPS satellite This error correction is then sent to the rover to correct the measurements

15. Wide Area Augmentation System WAAS –Uses ground stations to measure the variation in the GPS system –It corrects for this error and sends the correction to WAAS satellites Must have a specially equipped receiver to obtain the WAAS signal Typically accurate to within 1 meter

16. Real Time Kinematic RTK –Based on the use of carrier phase measurements –RTK systems use a base station that transmits the measure carrier phase to mobile individuals –Can result in cm accuracy