1. Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Describes the structures of the body:
what they are made of
where they are located
associated structures
Physiology
Is the study of:
functions of anatomical structures
individual and cooperative functions

2. How are living things organized?
Atoms:
are the smallest chemical units
Molecules:
are a group of atoms working together
Organelles:
are a group of molecules working together
Cells:
are a group of organelles working together
Tissues:
are a group of similar cells working together
Organs:
are a group of different tissues working together
Organ systems (11):
are a group of organs working together
Organism:
is an individual

3. Organizing a Muscle Protein molecules (chemical level)
Protein filaments (organelle level)
Muscle cells (cellular level)
Cardiac muscle tissue (tissue level)
Heart (organ level)

4. KEY CONCEPTS The body is divided into 11 organ systems
All organ systems work together
Many organs work in more than 1 organ system
Homeostasis: All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)
Failure to function within a normal range results in disease

5. Mechanisms of Regulation
How are living things regulated?
Mechanisms of Regulation
Autoregulation (intrinsic):
automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
Extrinsic regulation:
responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

6. Maintaining Normal Limits
Receptor: receives the stimulus
Control Center: processes the signal and sends instructions
Effector: carries out instructions
Negative Feedback: response of the effector negates the stimulus
Positive Feedback: response of the effector reinforces the stimulus

7. Working Together
Table 1–1

8. What are the anatomical terms used to describe body sections, regions, and relative positions?
Anatomical Landmarks
Superficial characteristics: surface parts – can be names or adjectives

9. KEY CONCEPT Anatomical position: Supine: Prone:
hands at sides, palms forward
Supine:
lying down, face up
Prone:
lying down, face down

10. Quadrants and Regions 9 abdominopelvic regions
4 abdominopelvic quadrants around umbilicus
Figure 1–7a

11. Which Direction? Lateral: Frontal: Anatomical direction: side view
front view
Anatomical direction:
refers to the patient’s left or right
Figure 1–8

12. 3 Dimensions Plane: a 3-dimensional axis Section:
a slice parallel to a plane
Figure 1–9

13. The Ventral Body Cavity
What are the major body cavities and their subdivisions?
The Ventral Body Cavity
Coelom:
divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
Figure 1–10a

14. Isolating the Organs Dividing the Cavities Serous membranes:
consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
Dividing the Cavities
Thoracic cavity:
divided by the mediastinum into 2 pleural cavities