1. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 8 Electrical, Noise, Heat, Radiation, Ergonomic, and Biological Hazards

2. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Plant-Specific Hazards Electricity and electrical equipment Bonding and grounding Noise, heat, and radiation Ergonomics Confined space entry Lifting Biological and blood-borne pathogens

3. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Electricity The hazards include Sparks and arcs, static electricity, lightning, stray currents, energized equipment, and electric shock Because overtime is fairly abundant each technician should consider his or her limits as most accidental electrocutions occur during this time, when you are mentally and physically tired.

4. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Bonding and Grounding Flammable liquid containers can build up static charges as material is pumped in. Bonding is described as physically connecting two objects together with a copper wire. Grounding is described as connecting an object to the earth with a copper wire and grounding rod.

5. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Figure 8-1 Bonding and Grounding

6. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Heat and Radiation Heat exhaustion is a primary concern for chemical and refinery workers. High temperatures can result in heatstroke.

7. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hearing Conservation and Industrial Noise When OSHA was enacted in 1970, federal regulations for controlling noise in the workplace were implemented. Reducing noise at is source is a technique that utilizes engineering controls and limits employee exposure to high noise areas.

8. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning After process technicians have experienced hearing loss due to industrial noise, it is unlikely they will ever recover. Noise over 140 decibels can cause permanent hearing loss in a single exposure. Hearing loss occurs through four categories: overall noise level, intensity of noise, duration of workday, and duration over a lifetime.

9. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hearing protection can be classified in three ways: Engineering noise abatement Administrative noise abatement Personal hearing protection

10. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Figure 8-2 Hearing Conservation

11. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Ergonomic Hazards Ergonomics is the science of how humans interact with their work environments Ergonomic stress can be initiated by the following: Repetitive or forceful work Improper work technique Poorly designed tools and workplaces

12. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hazards of Confined Spaces Confined space include: Excavations Opened vessels or equipment Tank cars Distillation columns Reactors Large tanks

13. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hazards of Lifting Proper lifting techniques require a technician to keep the load close to the body: Bend at the knees and lift with the legs, keeping the heels on the ground. Keep the feet shoulder-width and turned out. Avoid twisting by turning the entire body in the direction you want to move. Bend knees and squat down carefully when setting down loads.

14. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Biological Hazards Biological hazards include any living organism capable of causing disease in humans. Legionnaires’ disease is caused by inhaling Legionellae bacteria which can be found in cooling towers and heat exchangers.

15. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Blood-Borne Pathogens The blood-borne pathogens standard became effective in March of 1992. HIV HBV