1. Investigating EMC policies for the SKA Paul van der Merwe Prof. HC Reader Stellenbosch University

2. Introductory background What was done during 2009? Cable tray measurements Pedestal interfaces Karoo site visit European visit investigating 2-PAD and EMBRACE aperture arrays

3. Cable tray radiation measurements Determine the shielding ability of cable trays in high frequency RFI environments. Make use of known gain antennas and anechoic chamber. S 21 measured – induced voltage and gain calculated. Define two methods using computational analysis.

4. Shielding analysis of cable trays: Method 1 The cable tray structure is radiated using a plane wave definition with known E-field level. Voltage induced on victim cable in cable tray measured at port.

5. Shielding analysis of cable trays: Method 2 The cable tray structure is excited and far field radiation pattern is measured Gain computed and compared to calculated gain using measured S 21

6. Comparison: Measurement & Computation Comparing measured and computed data validates the accuracy of the computational model. Sequence have to be repeated for various positions of receiving antenna Method 1Method 2

7. Pedestal interfaces: what can be done? Power provision for dish needs to enter pedestal via some cable interface. CM current on power cable able to enter pedestal. Bonding of meshed floor to pedestal at point of entry reduces interference.

8. On-site measurements Evaluate site RFI and interference generated by infrastructure. Radiated interference measured – E-field antenna. Conducted interference measured – CM current probe. Proposed measurements on dish cables.

9. Investigating 2-PAD and EMBRACE: Purpose of visit Exchange interaction between South African SKA effort and European aperture array development. Become familiar with European SKADS, AAVP setup. EMI investigations of both 2-PAD and EMBRACE systems. Improve RFI mitigation for both systems. Gain knowledge on aperture arrays – measurements experience 2-PADEMBRACE

10. Grounding schematic for array Evaluation of induced CM current on system by radiated RFI. Processing bunker shielding measurements Transfer impedance measurements of different sections of system Balun investigation Interface for cables with 360° connectors Ground plane Power filter connected to transformer. Transformer supplies ground reference Antenna elements Non-metallic support frame Suggested grounding points for chamber Non-metallic sub-frame Capacitive connection of ground plane to ground Ground Equipotential bonding conductor A BC I D A/D converter Test Points F E G PC EM Injection Clamp

11. Bunker shielding: How much does it protect ? Effective shielding of processing bunker important. Bunker forms major part of RFI mitigation. Effective diversion of CM current – Measurements conducted. Validation of effective shielding at interfaces. LPDA Signal generator EMC chamber Current probe

12. Transfer impedance measurement Transfer impedance: Identify transfer impedances in EMBRACE grounding system. Influence of transfer impedance can be approximated: Antenna ground plane Signal source Antenna cable Capacitive coupling to ground I DM 75 Ω SA SA I CM EM injection clamp Signal gen I CM Connector I CM VxVx VZtVZt ZLZL Circuitry inside bunker Z transfer I CM Bunker interface 75 Ω SA EM injection clamp Signal gen SA I CM I DM Ground VxVx V Zt ZLZL Circuitry inside bunker Z transfer I CM I DM I CM Bunker interface Antenna ground plane Signal source Antenna cable Capacitive coupling to ground Connector

13. Finally Shielding ability of cable trays at higher frequencies: can they be used? Two methods defined two analyze them. Improving the pedestal interfaces for cable entry. Initial site evaluation of RFI. Investigated 2-PAD and EMBRACE aperture array systems Measured the induced CM currents, bunker shielding and transfer impedance.