1. Human Endocrine System
Chapter 39
Human
Endocrine System

2. We know that ecstasy affects serotonin levels in the brain.
Do Now: 4/1
We know that ecstasy affects serotonin levels in the brain.
How can this affect the rest of the body?

3. Short-Term Adverse Effects
clouded thinking
agitation
disturbed behavior.
sweating
dry mouth (thirsty),
increased heart rate
Fatigue
muscle spasms
(especially jaw-clenching)
hyperthermia.
Long Term:
Hyperthermia
Arrythmias
Renal failure
For example, the development of thirst and the hyperthermia are due to actions of Ecstasy in the hypothalamus (green), which controls drinking behavior and body temperature.

4. The Endocrine System is responsible for chemical regulation.
Stimuli may cause certain glands to secrete chemical messengers known as hormones.
These hormones cause other parts of the body to respond. Target Cell

5. Endocrine System
Hormones- chemical messengers that are secreted by glands and diffuse directly into the bloodstream
hormones regulate a wide range of activities in humans

6. Human Endocrine System
Includes the endocrine glands and their hormones.
The glands are Ductless.
Ductless glands release (targeting) hormones directly into the bloodstream. The plasma of the blood transports each hormone throughout the body.
Each hormone acts on a certain tissue called a Target Tissue.

7. *Pituitary*
*Hypothalamus*
Parathyroid
Pineal
*Thyroid*
thymus
*Adrenal*
*Pancreas,*
“Islets of
Langerhans”
Ovaries
Testes

8. The Brain and It’s Endocrine Glands

9. The Endocrine Matching Game
Gland
Hormone Secreted
Hormone Function
Target
Cell
Anterior Pituitary
Stimulates thyroid
Thyroxin
Increases blood glucose
Heart, lungs, blood vessels, eyes

10. The Endocrine Matching Game
Gland
Hormone Secreted
Hormone Function
Target
Cell
Anterior Pituitary GH
Elongate bones
Bones
TSH
Stimulates thyroid
Thyroid
Thyroxin
Controls metabolism
Body cells
Pancreas
Glucagon
Increases blood glucose
Liver and muscle cells
Adrenal
Adrenaline
Prepare for fight or flight
Heart, lungs, blood vessels, eyes

11. (1) Hypothalamus

12. (1) Hypothalamus
Small region of the brain
It controls the release of hormones by the pituitary gland (the master gland)
Considered to be a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system
Re: the autonomic N.S. controls: heart rate, blood vessel, bladder, bronchi, kidney, stomach, GI tract functions

13. (1) Hypothalamus

14. Located at the base of the brain Secretes three major hormones:
(2) Pituitary Gland
Located at the base of the brain
Called the “master gland” because it controls the activities of other glands
Secretes three major hormones:
GH, TSH, and FSH

15. (2) Pituitary Gland

16. (2) Pituitary Gland
TSH-RH
TSH

17. The Over Secretion of Growth Hormone
7’4”, 500lbs

18. Do Now: 4/2
Which endocrine gland is the most important and why?

19. Dwarfism
Herve Villechaize

20. Hypothyroidism Dwarfism

21. Growth Hormone (GH)
This hormone controls the growth of the body by stimulating the elongation of bones

22. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its hormone thyroxin

23. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates the activities of the ovaries and testes

24. (3) Thyroid Gland
Located in the neck below the larynx and in front of the trachea
This gland secretes thyroxin which contains iodine

25. (3) Thyroid Gland

26. Do Now: Using your HW identify the hormones numbered 1+2.
What is the reason for the “+” and “-” symbols.
1. _____
2. _____________

27. Do Now: ANSWERS 1 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 2. Thyroxine
“+” positive feedback
Stimulates
“-” negative feedback
(shuts off)
TSH

28. Thyroxin
Regulates the rate of metabolism in the body and is essential for normal physical and mental development
Secretion of thyroxin is regulated by TSH, which is secreted by the pituitary gland
Lack of iodine in the diet will lead to lack of thyroxin secretion. This produces enlargement of the thyroid gland and is called Goiter
Goiter- is the result of iodine deficiency in the diet

29. Iodine Needed for Thyroxin
Goiter- is the result of iodine deficiency in the diet

30. Iodine Needed for Thyroxin
Goiter

31. (4) Parathyroid Gland
Are tiny oval glands embedded in the walls of the thyroid gland
Secretes parathormone
Parathormone controls calcium metabolism
Calcium is necessary for proper growth of teeth and bones, blood clotting, and nerve function

32. (5) Adrenal Gland Located on the top of each kidney
Each gland consists of two layers:
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla

33. Adrenal Cortex Secrete steroid hormones that:
a) regulate water balance and blood pressure by controlling the reabsorption of sodium salt into the blood from the kidneys
b) stimulate the conversion of fat into glucose

34. Adrenal Medulla Secretes adrenalin
Adrenalin increases the blood sugar level and accelerates the heart and breathing rate

35. Adrenalin

36. Pancreas “Islets of Langerhans”
Both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland
(The exocrine portion secretes digestive juices into the small intestine)
The endocrine portion consists of small clusters or “islands” of hormone-secreting cells called the Islets of Langerhans
The Islet of Langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon……..video

37. Pancreas “Islets of Langerhans”
Both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland
(The exocrine portion secretes digestive juices into the small intestine)
The endocrine portion consists of small clusters or “islands” of hormone-secreting cells called the Islets of Langerhans
The Islet of Langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon……..video

38. Insulin Facilitates the entrance of glucose into body cells
lowers blood sugar levels by promoting the movement of sugar out of the blood and into the liver where it is stored as glycogen

39. Glucagon
Stimulates the release of sugar from the liver and into the blood
Therefore:
insulin  lowers sugar level in blood
glucagon  raises sugar level in blood

40. Diabetes When the Islets of Langerhans fail to produce enough insulin
As a result, glucose that enters the cell decreases, and glucose levels in the blood increases
Type 1, link
Type2

41. (6) Gonads
Sex organs
Males- testes that secrete testosterone which influences the development of the male secondary sex characteristics
Females- ovaries that secrete estrogen which influences the development of secondary sex characteristics

42. Do Now: 4/3 Explain the events that happen when a teacher calls home?
Feedback???

45. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates the activities of the ovaries and testes

46. Negative Feedback
Is a type of self-regulation associated with endocrine regulation
It operates on the principle that the level of one hormone in the blood stimulates or inhibits the production of another hormone
Ex: TSH regulates the secretion of thyroxin by the thyroid gland

47. TRF “H”
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
TSH
Thyroxine

49. Goiter formation

50. Normal cells Goiter cells

51. Goiter cells
Normal thyroid Thyroid cancer

52. Goiter Normal Thyroid formation
______
Goiter Normal Thyroid formation
______
_____

53. Goiter Normal Thyroid formation

54. 39-3 The Reproductive System
Reproduction is the formation of new individuals.
It Occurs:
Sexually: fusing sperm + egg nuclei
Asexually: production of clones

55. What is the objective of the reproductive systems?
Males:
Develop gonads (testes) which produce:
gametes (aka sperm)
Sex hormones, Testosterone which influences male muscle development and deepens voice.
Females:
Develop gonads (Ovaries) which produce:
Eggs (aka Ovum)
Sex hormones:
Estrogen: Secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone: the pregnancy hormone

56. Puberty
Puberty is a period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional.
Most organisms in nature can Reproduce after they are Sexually mature .
An eagle can reproduce after 4-5 years.

57. Effect of testosterone
Section 39-3
Effect of testosterone

58. The Male Reproductive System

60. (A) Testes Are the male gonads Produce sperm
Sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules and stored in the epididymis
Sperm then leaves the epididymis through the vas deferens and into the urethra (which is a tube inside the penis)

61. 4. The penis is a structural adaptation for internal fertilization
5. Glands secrete a liquid into the urethra which combines with the sperm cells. This liquid serves as a transport medium for the sperm cells and is called semen
6. Testes also produce the male sex hormone called testosterone

62. 7. Testosterone regulates the maturation of sperm and the development of secondary sex characteristics such as beard development and voice pitch
8. Scrotum- sac in which the testes are located
a) outside the body
b) keeps the temperature 1-2 degrees Celsius cooler than normal body temperature
c) this provides an optimum temperature for sperm production

65. HEAD with NUCLEUS & ACROSPORE
Shaft (middle region)
TAIL (MOTILITY)

66. Figure 39–2 The Endocrine Glands
Section 39-1
Figure 39–2 The Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland.
Pineal gland
The pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles.
Thyroid
The thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands.
Pancreas
The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.
Parathyroid glands
These four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood.
Ovary
The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.
Thymus
During childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development.
Testis
The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress.

67. Figure 39–2 The Endocrine Glands
Section 39-1
Figure 39–2 The Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland.
Pineal gland
The pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles.
Thyroid
The thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands.
Pancreas
The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.
Parathyroid glands
These four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood.
Ovary
The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.
Thymus
During childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development.
Testis
The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress.

68. Figure 39–14 The Female Reproductive System

69. The Arethra:
Oops, wrong one

73. Ovary

74. Female Reproductive Structures, (side VW)
Vertebrae
Bladder
Rectum
Sperms path

75. The Effects of Estrogen
Section 39-3
The Effects of Estrogen

76. (II) Menstrual Cycle Mature egg develops and is released
Begins at puberty and ends at menopause
Hormones involved:
FSH estrogen
LH progesterone
Stages involved in order:
follicle stage  ovulation  corpus luteum  menstruation

77. 1. Follicle Stage days
* FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland which stimulates maturation of egg in the follicle
** As the follicle develops, it releases estrogen which stimulates the uterine lining to thicken with blood
2. Ovulation
Secretion of LH (lutenizing hormone) from the pituitary causes a mature egg to be released from the follicle and into the fallopian tubules (oviduct)
3. Corpus Luteum
10-12 days
* The burst follicle fills with cells forming the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone fuher thickening of the uterine lining
4. Menstruation
3-5 days
If the egg is not fertilized, progesterone secretion decreases and the lining of the uterus breaks down
The lining of the uterus is sloughed off and discharged from the body through the vagina as a result (period).

78. The Menstrual Cycle
Section 39-3

79. The Menstrual Cycle
Section 39-3

80. Do Now 4/26
Describe the menstrual cycle. (remember there are 4 stage!!!!)
What is a Feedback Mechanism?

81. Do Now

82. Do Now Answers

83. (II) Menstrual Cycle

84. (II) Menstrual Cycle

85. 1. Follicle Stage
10-14 days
FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland which stimulates maturation of egg in the follicle
As the follicle develops, it releases estrogen which stimulates the uterine lining to thicken with blood

86. Ovulation
Secretion of LH (lutenizing hormone) from the pituitary causes a mature egg to be released from the follicle and into the fallopian tubules (oviduct)

87. 3. Corpus Luteum Stage 10-12 days
The burst follicle fills with cells forming the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone
Progesterone stimulates further thickening of the uterine lining

89. Do Now Describe the menstrual cycle. (remember there are 4 stage!!!!)
What is a Feedback Mechanism?