1. 1 Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 2 1.1: Introduction Questions and observations that have led to knowledge. Knowledge about structure and function of the human body.

3. 3 1.2: Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body Physiology – the study of the function of the human body “The complementarity of structure and function.”

4. 4 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”) Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”) “Structure dictates function.”

5. 5 1.3: Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc. Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc. Organism – the human

6. Fig. 1.3a Subatomic particles Atom Molecule Macromolecule Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7. Fig. 1.3b Organelle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8. Fig. 1.3c Cell Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

9. Fig. 1.3d Tissue Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

10. Fig. 1.3e Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11. Fig. 1.3f Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Organ system

12. Fig. 1.3g Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Organism

13. Levels of Organization Subatomic particles Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

14. 14 Can you name the organ systems? There are eleven (11). Can you name one function of each organ system? Levels of Organization

15. 15 Organ Systems Integumentary system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

16. 16 Organ Systems Skeletal systemMuscular system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17. 17 Organ Systems Nervous system Endocrine system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

18. 18 Organ Systems Cardiovascular systemLymphatic system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

19. 19 Organ Systems Digestive systemRespiratory systemUrinary system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

20. 20 Organ Systems Male reproductive systemFemale reproductive system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

21. 21 1.4: Characteristics of Life (10) Movement – change in position; motion Responsiveness – reaction to a change Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

22. 22 Characteristics of Life Continued Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

23. 23 1.5: Maintenance of Life Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure

24. 24 Requirements of Organisms Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials

25. 25 Requirements of Organisms Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

26. 26 Homeostasis* * Maintaining of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: Receptor - provides information about the stimuli Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

27. Fig. 1.6b Receptors Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

28. Fig. 1.6c Effectors (muscles or glands) Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

29. Fig. 1.6d Response (Change is corrected.) Effectors (muscles or glands) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

30. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.) Response (Change is corrected.) Receptors Effectors (muscles or glands) Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 30

31. Fig. 1.8a Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. too high Normal body Temperature 37°C (98.6°F) Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

32. Fig. 1.8b too low Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Effectors Muscle Activity Generates body heat. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

33. 33 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. too high too low Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

34. 34 There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

35. 35 Negative feedback summary: Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Reduces the actions of the effectors Corrects the set point Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, ie, ‘negates’ the change Limits chaos in the body by creating stability Most common type of feedback loop Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

36. 36 Positive feedback summary: Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body, ie, ‘positively’ adds to or continues the change Produces more instability in the body Produces more chaos in the body There are only a few types necessary for our survival Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments Considered to be the uncommon loop Examples: blood clotting and child birth Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

37. 37 Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

38. 38 1.6: Organization of the Human Body Body cavities Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Diaphragm Pelvic cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral canal (a) Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Right pleural cavity Mediastinum Left pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Vertebral canal Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

39. Frontal sinuses Orbital cavities Nasal cavity Oral cavity Cranial cavity Sphenoidal sinus Middle ear cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1.10

40. 40 Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Abdominopelvic Membranes Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Parietal perineum Visceral perineum

41. 41 Thoracic Serous Membranes Vertebra Aorta Esophagus Right lung Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Sternum Plane of section Spinal cord Mediastinum Left lung Rib Left ventricle of heart Visceral pericardium Pericardial cavity Parietal pericardium Anterior Azygos v. Right atrium of heart Right ventricle of heart Fibrous pericardium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

42. 42 Abdominal Serous Membranes Vertebra Right kidney Pancreas Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Duodenum Peritoneal cavity Parietal peritoneum Plane of section Left kidney Spinal cord Spleen Rib Small intestine Large intestine Stomach Anterior Visceral peritoneum Costal cartilage Aorta Inferior vena cava Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

43. 43 1.7: Lifespan Changes Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level. Can you think of some examples?

44. 44 1.8: Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out Integumentary system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

45. 45 Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior versus Inferior Anterior versus Posterior Medial versus Lateral Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities) Superficial versus Deep Internal versus External

46. Fig. 1.20a Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Midline RightLeft Proximal Distal Proximal Distal Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

47. Fig. 1.20b Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

48. Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Midline Right Left Proximal Distal Proximal Distal Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1.20

49. 49 Body Sections or Planes (3) Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

50. 50 Body Sections A section along a frontal plane A section along a transverse plane A section along the median plane Transverse (horizontal) plane Frontal (coronal) plane Parasagittal plane Median (midsagittal) plane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

51. Body Sections 51 (a)(b)(c) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

52. 52 Other Body Sections (a)(b)(c) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

53. 53 Abdominal Subdivisions (2) Regions (9) Quadrants (4) Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right iliac region Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac region (a) Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

54. Fig. 1.24a Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right iliac region Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac region (a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

55. Fig. 1.24b Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

56. 56 Body Regions Otic (ear) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Antebrachial (forearm) Genital (reproductive organs) Cephalic (head) Orbital (eye cavity) Mental (chin) Sternal Pectoral (chest) Inguinal (groin) Coxal (hip) Umbilical (navel) Pedal (foot) Occipital (back of head) Acromial (point of shoulder) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Cubital (elbow) Gluteal (buttocks) Perineal Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Plantar (sole) (a) (b) Patellar (front of knee) Vertebral (spinal column) Sacral (between hips) Lumbar (lower back) Abdominal (abdomen) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Frontal (forehead) Buccal (cheek) Tarsal (instep) Digital (toe) Axillary (armpit) Crural (leg) Sural (calf) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

57. 57 Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed 1.1: Introduction Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding of the human body. 1.2: Anatomy and Physiology Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related. 1.3: Levels of Organization List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of each. 1.4: Characteristics of Life List and describe the major characteristics of life. Define and give examples of metabolism.

58. 58 Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued 1.5: Maintenance of Life List and describe the major requirements of organisms. Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival. Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they function together. 1.6: Organization of the Human Body Identify the locations of the major body cavities. List the organs located in each major body cavity. Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

59. 59 Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each. Describe the general function of each organ system. 1.7: Lifespan Changes Define aging. Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs. 1.8: Anatomical Terminology Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions. (To be assessed in Lab, only)