1. Welcome to A&P!!
Chapter 1

2. The Human Body – An Orientation
Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Anatomy – Levels of Study
Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable

4. Anatomy – Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4

5. Check Point Define Anatomy and Physiology Explain how they are related
3 minutes!!!

6. Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1

9. Characteristics of Life
Movement – external/internal
Responsiveness – stimulus/response
Growth – size
Reproduction – making a new individual
Respiration – energy (obtaining oxygen)
Digestion – chemical substances into simpler forms
Absorption – movement through membranes
Circulation – movement within body fluids
Assimilation – absorbed substances changed into different forms
Excretion – removal of wastes

10. Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a

11. Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores mineral
Figure 1.2b

12. Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture
Produces heat
Figure 1.2c

13. Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2d

14. Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Figure 1.2e

15. Organ System Overview Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Figure 1.2f

16. Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g

17. Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h

18. Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i

19. Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j

20. Organ System Overview
Reproductive
Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k

21. Check Point
Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and explain how they are related.
Name the major functions of each organ system of the body, briefly state the major functions of each system
Classify by organ system all organs discussed.

22. Necessary Life Functions
Maintain Boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and delivery of nutrients

23. Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body
Production of energy
Making body structures
Excretion
Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

24. Necessary Life Functions
Reproduction
Production of future generation
Growth
Increasing of cell size and number

25. Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions

26. Survival Needs Water Stable body temperature
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

27. Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

28. Overview of Homeostasis
Figure 1.4

29. Maintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center

30. Maintaining Homeostasis
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus

31. Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat

32. Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

33. Check Point
List the functions that humans must perform to maintain life.
List the survival needs of the human body.
Define Homeostasis and explain importance. What is negative feedback?

34. Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position =
standing erect
face forward
upper limbs at side
palms forward

35. The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures

36. Organization of the Human Body
2 portions
1. axial portion = head, neck, trunk
2. appendicular portion = arms & legs

37. Fast Fact Break
The word "axial" means (literally) "of, relating to, or having the characteristics of an axis"
A human could survive if their appendicular skeleton was cut off (the arms, legs, hips, etc)
The rib cage and sternum form the thorax
We have twenty-four ribs, four of which that are "floating" (or just not attached)
When a human is born, the top of its skull is not solid, so it can grow
When a spine is twisted sideways, the result is complete paralysis

38. Relative positions Superior: inferior anterior posterior medial
lateral
proximal
distal
superficial
deep

39. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1

40. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)

41. Body Landmarks
Anterior
Figure 1.5a

42. Body Landmarks
Posterior
Figure 1.5b

43. Body Planes
Figure 1.6

44. Body Cavities
Figure 1.7

45. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a

46. Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b

47. Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c

48. Know these Body Regions
Nasal
Cephalic
Orbital
Carpal
Digital
Gluteal
Pectoral
Lumbar
Acromial
Frontal
Crural
Umbilical
Femoral
Sternal
Vetebral
Brachial
Mammory
Cervical
Plantar
Coxal
Sacral
Axillary
Cubital

49. Check Point: What is the anatomical position?
What are the anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes?
What are the major body cavaties, list the chief organs in each cavity?