1. CHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW

2. 1. Light Colors that chlorophyll a absorbs: Red and Blue-violet Colors that chlorophyll a reflects: Green and blue (Chlor b reflects green yellow)

3. 2. Photosynthesis Equation REDOX reduction oxidation

4. 3. LABEL a = granum b = inner membrane to thylakoid disk c = thylakoid disk d = stroma DNA ribosomes Stromal lamella

5. 4. Label

6. 5. a.Porphyrin ring - captures light energy as a photoreceptor b. Single and double bond - resonate the energy to localize electrons c. Mg center – metals have strong attraction to electrons

7. 6. TWO POSSIBILITIES OF ENERGY FROM THE PHOTONS OF LIGHT HITTING CHLOROPHYLL: a. energized e- raised to a higher level falls back to its ground state and emits energy (as a color, heat) b. energized e- is passed to an electron acceptor excited e- fate animation

8. 7. A-cuticle B-epidermis C-stomata D-Palisade layer E-bundle sheath layer F-spongy layer K G-xylem tubes (thicker) H-phloem tubes (smaller) I-air space J-chloroplast K-mesophyll I J (dot)

9. 8. WATER How does water enter/exit a leaf? Through the stoma in the underside of the leaf and/ or via the water in the xylem Where is water found when it is split in the LDR? Thylakoid interior (LUMEN)

10. 9.

11. 10. Also FdNR

12. 11. Photolysis – break-down of water by using light

13. 12. What two high-energy molecules are made in LDR to run LIR? ATP and NADPH Where are these molecules found after formed? Stroma

14. 13. CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATON If NADPH is full the e- go back to Ctyb6 to Pc to PSI.

15. 13. Happens when NADPH is full When NADPH is not full linear

16. 14. Where does oxygen come from that we breathe? Splitting of water

17. 15. What is the source of carbon for glucose? Carbon dioxide

18. 16. Where made? G3P - S CO 2 added To RuBP with rubisco Enzyme NADPH – S e- passed from FdNR to NADP+

19. 16. Where made? ATP – S WHEN H+ ions pass through the ATP synthase Oxygen – L splitting of water when light hits PSII

20. 16. Where Made? RuBisCO- S In Calvin cycle, it is reused e- excited by photons-TM PSI and PSII

21. 16. Where made? RuBP- S In Calvin cycle NADP+ - oxidized -S As e-/H+ lost to 3PGA

22. 17. What color is reflected? Xanthophyll Yellow Carotenoid Orange Chlorophyll a Blue-green Chlorophyll b Yellow-green

23. 18. What are 3 products of the Calvin Cycle? G3P NADP+ ADP

24. 19. Name 3 products of the LDR: ATP NADPH O 2

25. 20. Label the Photosystem 700 in PSI 680 In PSII

26. 21. Label the linear photophosphorylation (LDR)

27. Linear Photophosphorylation LDR (light dependent reaction) LUMEN (thylakoid interior) PS II Pq Cytb6 Pc PSI e- FdNR Fd ATP Synthase Out stomata Thyla koid mem brane P680P700 STROMA

28. 22. In carbon fixation of the Calvin Cycle, what enzyme combines CO2 with a 5-C molecule? ENZYME = RUBISCO 5-C MOLECULE = RUBP

29. 23. The molecule (6-C from one CO 2 + RUBP ) splits into two 3-carbon molecules : 3PGA Where found? Stroma of chloroplast

30. 24. What is G3P used for after it leaves the Calvin cycle? Form glucose (two G3P = 1 glucose) And other macromolecules (like glucose + fructose = sucrose; glucose chain for starch)

31. 25. What molecule is regenerated in the Calvin cycle?(actually 2 are) Enzyme RuBisCO and RUBP (5-C molecule)

32. 26. What do excited e- cause to happen as they pass through Cytochrome b6? Pull H+ ions through the thylakoid membrane from stroma to thylakoid interior (by e- passing from hi to low energy thru Cytb6) H+

33. 27. In the Calvin cycle what two molecules join with the enzyme rubisco? Carbon dioxide and RuBP

34. 28. How many CO 2 molecules are needed to produce one glucose molecule? 6

35. 29. What is the strongest biological oxidizing (removing e-) agent known? P680

36. 30. What makes guard cells open and close? When the guard cells are turgid (full of water) they open. When they are flaccid/ plasmolyzed (low on water) they close.

37. 31. How many molecules needed in the Calvin cycle to make one glucose molecule? ATP 18 CO 2 6 NADPH 12

38. 32. How many are made per one molecule of glucose in the Calvin Cycle? G3P 2 ADP + P 18 NADP+ 12

39. 33. What is formed at the end of each phase of the Calvin cycle? FIXATION 3PGA REDUCTION G3P REGENERATION RuBP

40. 34. What 3 things does water split into when a photon of light hits PSII? ½ O 2 2 H e-

41. 35. Which greenhouse gas has the most important effect on global warming? Carbon dioxide

42. 36. The banning of CFC’s was done because of what problem? Thinning of the ozone

43. 37. Why do the colors separate in the chromatography of spinach leaves? substances in a mixture have different degrees of solubility. Different densities of pigments (heavier ones stay closer to origin; lighter ones more farther up the paper) Solvents and pigments have different attraction (bonding) to each other and to the paper

44. 38. DEFINE Photoautotroph An organism that uses light to make its own food from inorganic substances Producers Organisms that make their own food from inorganic substances (ie., plants)

45. 38. DEFINE Carbon Fixation Organisms that take inorganic substances (like carbon dioxide) and turn it into organic substances (like 3PGA) Photon Unit of light of varying wavelengths

46. 38. DEFINE Photophosphorylation Using sunlight to form ATP from ADP Photoprotection Pigments (usually carotenoids) that protect the leaf from too many harmful UV rays

47. 38. DEFINE Fluorescence the property of absorbing light of short wavelength and emitting light of longer wavelength.

48. EXTENDED RESPONSE 1. What makes chlorophyll so unique (3 things) of its structure and function. Draw. Where in chloroplast and use phorphyrin.

49. 1. porphyrin – ringed structure acts like a mitt to catch photons and pass them to an electron acceptor instead of losing them. Mg center to act as a strong e- acceptor Alternating double and single bonds resonate the e- back and forth to capture them. Found in the inner membrane of the thylakoid disk. (PSII or PSI)

50. EXTENDED RESPONSE 2. Compare and contrast PSII and PSI. ALIKE: both capture photons and pass high energy electrons to electron carriers. Both contain chlorophyll molecules. DIFFERENT: PSII contains Chlor a of 680 nm and PSI contains Chlor b of 700 nm.

51. 2. PSII receives e- replacement from split water when photons hit it and sends e- to Pq PSI receives low energy e- from Pc and then to FdNR when excited PSII is found first and PSI is found later in the thylakoid membrane of linear photophosphorylation

52. EXTENDED RESPONSE 3. Compare chemiosmosis and ETC in mitochondrion and chloroplasts.

53. Mitochondrion Chloroplasts a. e- come from NADH b. e- get high potential energy from NADH (full electron carrier) c. e- get picked up at the end of the chain by the final e- acceptor: OXYGEN d. Electrons passed from NADH and FADH 2 down ETC, and H+ ions cross inner membrane of the mitochondrion to make ATP as the ATP Synthase turns e- come from split water -Get high energy from photons from light -e- get picked up by FdNR and then passed to NADPH -Electrons passed down ETC and cause H+ ions to cross into the thylakoid interior and form ATP at the ATP Synthase

54. EXTENDED RESPONSE 4. How has the atmosphere changed? The overuse of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel emissions has cause an increase in the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere (global warming). The overuse of products that contained CFC’s caused a depletion of the ozone (O 3 protective layer), especially over the Antarctic. The use of refrigerants, styrofoam, aerosal sprays and solvents.

55. The Montreal Treaty was placed into use 1989 to ban the use of substances that contained CFC’s. This is been reducing the hole in the ozone. Reducing the burning of fossil fuels such as automobiles, factories, and aircraft can reduce the global warming AND BAN CFC’s to increase ozone layer.