1. Mr. Charnley Pre AP World History 16 th – 18 th centuries

5.  John Wycliffe  14 th century  English clergyman and professor  Promoted Bible- based studies and denounced clergy and ceremonies  Translated Bible into vernacular

6.  Papal Schism  15 th century  Roman and French popes  Jan Hus  Late 14 th – early 15 th centuries  criticized Catholic clergy and papacy  Executed for being a heretic  Hussite Wars (15 th century)

7.  Martin Luther  German monk  Protested Catholic papal legate’s selling of indulgences for money  Nailed 95 Theses to Wittenberg Church door

8.  Lutheranism  Personal salvation comes only from faith in God  Clergy should be able to marry  Pope is not absolute authority  Catholic sacraments are not path to salvation  Bible should be published in vernacular

9.  Popular Support  German princes supported Luther to oppose Holy Roman Emperor Charles V  German people resented authority and taxes of Pope  Common people used Luther’s protests as motivation to rebel against landowning nobility  Supported secular pursuits more than the Roman Catholic Church

10.  Jean Calvin  French theologian  Set up own church in Geneva, Switzerland  France: Huguenots; Scotland: Presbyterians; England: Puritans  Predestination = God chooses who will be saved prior to birth  Communal participation in church  Educate people so they can read Bible  Popular in Switzerland, Germany, France, Netherlands, Hungary, England, Scotland

11.  Henry VIII  Broke away from Catholic Church when pope refused to annul his marriage  Head of Church of England = Anglican Church  Remarried five times, executed two wives  New reforms combined with Catholic rituals and institutions  Elizabeth I  Completely converted England to Protestantism

12.  Queen Elizabeth I  “Virgin Queen” = never married  Henry’s daughter with Ann Boleyn  Tolerance for dissenters  Expansion and colonialism  Virginia

13.  Catholic Counter-Reformation  Austria, Poland, Hungary, Germany, Spain, France, Italy  Opposed Protestant reforms  Power of sacraments, celibacy of priests  Opposed folk superstitions and belief in magic  1545-63 Council of Trent  Jesuits ▪ St. Ignatius Loyola ▪ Society of Jesus ▪ promoted education and missionary work

14.  Inquisition  1478- 1834  Trial of those accused of heresy  ensure faith of converts from Judaism and Islam  Forbidden to draw blood, but did use torture ▪ 125,000 investigated ▪ 2,250 executed (1.8%) ▪ 90% of sentences were penances

15.  Printing Press  Johannes Gutenberg  Bible printed in vernacular (English, French, German)  spread ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance

16.  Edict of Nantes  1598  Granted tolerance to Protestants in France  Not upheld by later monarchs  Thirty Years War  1618-1648  Protestant German princes versus Catholic Holy Roman Empire  1648 Peace of Westphalia: German princes could choose religion of their states

18.  English Civil War  1642  Parliamentary forces versus Royalists loyal to King James I  King executed in 1660, but violence continued for decades  1680 religious tolerance granted to non-Anglican Protestants, but not Catholics

20.  Pluralism  Christianity could not be reunited, but religions could coexist  Balance of power  France, England, and Netherlands became more powerful  Spain weakened  Individual rulers gained more power, while pope’s influence decreased

21.  Legacy  Less emphasis on relationship between God and nature  Protestants did not believe in miracles  Emphasis on family life  Roles of women reduced  Role of educating family fell to father  Improved literacy