1. Bio Poem Subjects INVENTORS Johannes Gutenberg PAINTERS/SCULPTORS/ARCHITECTS Jan Van Eyck Raphael Leonardo da Vinci Michalangelo Dontatello Masaccio Sandro Botticelli PROTESTANT REFORMATION Desiderius Erasmus Martin Luther John Calvin Ulrich Zwingli CATHOLIC REFORMATION Ignatius of Loyola KINGS/QUEENS Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) Charles V Henry VIII Elizabeth Tudor POLITICAL LEADERS Oliver Cromwell Cardinal Richelieu Lorenzo de’Medici PHILOSOPHERS/WRITERS Niccoolo Machiavelli Petrarch Geoffrey Chaucer Dante William Shakespeare

2. Journal Entry #1 The Reformation was a time of great change within the Catholic church and Renaissance society. Not only did the Catholic church find itself having to change to stay afloat as a viable religion, different religions started to spring from dissatisfaction. One outspoken opponent of the Catholic church was Martin Luther. He stood up for what he believed in and did not budge on issues that were important to him. He believed that the Catholic church was becoming too corrupt and so he fought for change. Eventually his ideas would become the Lutheran church. – Can you think of 2 people today or within history that have fought for change, and have actually been able to make changes for the better? Who are they? What did they change? Why? – What would you stand up for? How hard would you fight for it? Would you back down, even if there were pressures coming at you from every corner?

3. The Reformation Explain the major events and reasons for the Protestant Reformation including Christian Humanism, Martin Luther and the 95 Theses, Calvinism, and eventually the Catholic Reformation.

4. Setting the Stage Christian humanism-Northern Renaissance humanism – Goal=reform the Catholic church Believes that humans can reason and improve themselves – In order to change society, you have to change people 1 st Erasmus “the philosophy of Christ”- Christianity should show people how to live good lives – Religion was something inward – Wanted to reform Catholic church not break away

5. Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldly Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation Financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened Heavy taxation also caused discontent Dissatisfaction Pope Leo X approved sale of indulgences Needed money for St. Peter’s Basilica Indulgences, pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory Financing Basilica Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed Sale of indulgences widely criticized Working Off Sins Catholicism in the 1400s

6. Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther believed selling indulgences sinful In theses, said indulgences had no power to remit sin Criticized power of pope, wealth of church Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people The Ninety-Five Theses Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards Theses stimulated discussion among university intellectuals Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople Desire for reform grew Stimulated Discussion Martin Luther

7. Empowered the People Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy Luther’s Message Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace cannot be won by good works; faith alone needed 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope

8. Church’s Response 1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V Edict of Worms Emperor handed down Edict of Worms Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings Luther’s ideas spread Edict of Worms German Diet Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms Refused to change opinions Protestant 1529, Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this Term Protestant came from this Reactions to Luther

9. Politics in the German Reformation Holy Roman Empire was vast (Spain, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Milan, Naples) Charles V wanted to keep his land unified by the Catholic faith Charles was in a 20 year conflict with France “Lutheran princes” started to appear in Germany and unified against Charles Peace of Augsburg-German states could choose

10. When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics erupted into war, Zwingli was a casualty. He died in battle in 1531. Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in Switzerland and other places in Europe. Born in Switzerland, entered priesthood at 22, preached ideas similar to Martin Luther’s Many ideas viewed as radical His church based on theocracy, government in which church, state joined; officials divinely inspired Ulrich Zwingli The Spread of Protestantism All paintings and decorations were removed Scripture reading, prayer, and sermons Luther did not accept his ideas Without Lutherans’ support, Swiss Protestants vulnerable to attack by Catholics Zwingli Churches

11. Background John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus Supported reforms of Luther in Germany People Sinful by Nature Geneva, Switzerland became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior Powerful center for Protestantism Calvinism was a dynamic and activist faith Influenced by Augustine Preached doctrine of predestination God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end John Calvin

12. Reformation began with the king in England 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17 Devout Catholic Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith” By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary A King’s Protest Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled Pope would not agree to annulment Annulment Arguing with Pope, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn Opposition Protestantism Spreads to England

13. Henry Takes Over Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under authority of pope Henry became head of Church of England Act of Supremacy Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England” Church of England Henry changed rituals of church very little Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles This built more public support for split from Catholic Church The Reformation Parliament

14. Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9 Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his guardians Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England Mary returned England to authority of pope Hundreds burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary” Half-sister Elizabeth became queen Bloody Mary Elizabeth I, Protestant at heart 1559, drafted new Supremacy Act, splitting England again from Rome Catholics plotted to place Mary, Queen of Scots, on throne Elizabeth persecuted Catholics, secured Church of England Elizabeth’s Reign Henry’s Heirs

15. The Catholic Reformation Revitalized in the 16 th century 3 reasons why: Jesuits, reform of the papacy, the Council of Trent Jesuits used education to spread their message; restored Catholicism in parts of Germany, eastern Europe, and other parts of the world Council of Trent met on and off for 18 years – Reaffirmed teachings against Protestants – Faith and good works were needed for salvation – Selling of indulgences were forbidden

18. Setting the Stage Christian humanism-Northern Renaissance humanism – Believes that humans can reason and improve themselves – In order to change society, you have to change people 1 st Erasmus “the philosophy of Christ”-Christianity should show people how to live good lives –

19. Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldly Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots Concerns crystallized into the ________________________ People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened Heavy taxation also caused discontent Dissatisfaction Needed money for St. Peter’s Basilica Indulgences, pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory Financing Basilica Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed Government separate from the church Working Off Sins Catholicism in the 1400s

20. Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation. In theses, said indulgences had no power to remit sin Criticized power of pope, wealth of church Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people The Ninety-Five Theses Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople Stimulated Discussion Martin Luther

21. Empowered the People Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible Luther’s Message Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace cannot be won by good works; faith alone needed

22. Church’s Response 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V Edict of Worms Emperor handed down Edict of Worms Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings Edict of Worms German Diet Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms Protestant 1529, Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this Term Protestant came from this Reactions to Luther

23. Politics in the German Reformation Holy Roman Empire was vast (Spain, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Milan, Naples) Charles was in a 20 year conflict with France “Lutheran princes” started to appear in Germany and unified against Charles

24. When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics erupted into war, Zwingli was a casualty. He died in battle in 1531. Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in Switzerland and other places in Europe. Born in Switzerland, entered priesthood at 22, preached ideas similar to Martin Luther’s His church based on theocracy, government in which church, state joined; officials divinely inspired Ulrich Zwingli The Spread of Protestantism Scripture reading, prayer, and sermons Without Lutherans’ support, Swiss Protestants vulnerable to attack by Catholics Zwingli Churches

25. Background Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus, Renaissance humanists Supported reforms of Luther in Germany People Sinful by Nature Geneva, Switzerland became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior Powerful center for Protestantism Influenced by Augustine God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end John Calvin

26. 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17 Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith” By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary A King’s Protest Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled Annulment Arguing with Pope, Opposition Protestantism Spreads to England

27. Henry Takes Over Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under authority of pope Act of Supremacy Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England” Church of England Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles This built more public support for split from Catholic Church The Reformation Parliament

28. Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9 Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England Hundreds burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary” Her death caused little grief Half-sister Elizabeth became queen Bloody Mary 1559, drafted new Supremacy Act, splitting England again from Rome Catholics plotted to place Mary, Queen of Scots, on throne Elizabeth persecuted Catholics, secured Church of England Elizabeth’s Reign Henry’s Heirs

29. The Catholic Reformation Revitalized in the ________________ 3 reasons why: Jesuits used education to spread their message; restored Catholicism in parts of Germany, eastern Europe, and other parts of the world Council of Trent met on and off for 18 years – Reaffirmed teachings against Protestants – Faith and good works were needed for salvation – Selling of indulgences were forbidden