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Published byElvin O’Neal’ Modified over 9 years ago
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Basic Chemistry
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Chemistry: Chemistry is the science of matter. –Scientists study chemicals, their properties, and REACTIONS (rxn).REACTIONS BIOCHEMISTRY is the chemistry of living things.BIOCHEMISTRY
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Water: most chemical rxns occur only in water (universal solvent) 90% or more of cells is H2O essential to life Solutions are made up of the –Solute: –Solvent:
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Elements most simple substance of matter cannot be broken down ex. Fe. O, Mg, Na
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Valence Electrons: outermost electrons (carry negative charge) responsible for bonding goal: to have a full valence energy level
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Boxes on the Periodic Table Each box on the PT contains the following information: –Atomic number = –Atomic Mass = –Atomic Symbol = –# of protons = –#of neutrons = –# of electrons = 6 C 12.001
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Compound Chemically bonding of 2 or more elements formed by: 1.Ionic Bonds: 2.Covalent Bonds 3.Polar Bonds 4.Hydrogen Bonds
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Ionic Bond: –transfer of valence e- –Forms between a metal and a nonmetal –Ex. KI Potassium Iodide
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Covalent bond: –Forms between 2 nonmetals –Ex. CO = Carbon Monoxide –Equal Sharing of Valence electrons
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Polar Bonds between covalent and ionic bonds unequal sharing of the valence electrons have slightly positive and slightly negative ends Ex. Water!!
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Adhesion and Cohesion Water is attracted to other water. –This is called cohesion. Water can also be attracted to other materials. –This is called adhesion.
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Surface Tension the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water
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Capillary Action Capillary action however, is related to the adhesive properties of water. water molecules are attracted to the straw molecules.
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Hydrogen Bonds : –Weaker bonds than ionic and covalent –Allow for large biological molecules Ex. Proteins DNA –Bonds water molecules together
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Acid and Bases: Are ionized Can conduct electrical current Located throughout the body –Ex. Mouth, stomach
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Acid : Acids: Have extra H+ ions Have a sour taste Have a low pH (between 1 – 5)
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Bases: Have OH- ions Have a slippery feel Have a high pH (b/w 8-12)
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pH Scale: Based on the # of H ion present
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Buffers: keep its pH constant resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added to them. In the body proteins act as a buffer, ex. Blood
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Neutralization: Combing an Acids with a base results is neither an acid or a base. H+ form the acid and the OH- form the base combine to form water Ex. HCl + NaOH NaCl +H 2 O acid + base salt + water
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Acid, Base Indicators: Phenolphthalein (base only) pH paper (both) Universal Indicator Solution (Both) Litmus paper (either) –Red –Blue
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Litmus paper:
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pH paper:
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Universal Indicator Solution:
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Phenolphthalein: Clear in the presence of an acid Pink in a base
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Inorganic chemistry: compound usually does not contain carbon or hydrogen
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Organic Chemistry: the compounds usually found in Living or once living things contains carbon and hydrogen most common elements in living things are: C, H, O, N, P Carbon is often referred to as the element of LIFE ***CHANGES ON THIS SLIDE***
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