1. Top 105 Physical Science Concepts By: Ms. Ancell JEANCELL@Rochester.k12.mn.us

2. Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105

3. 1 Scientists often use the scientific method to solve problems. List the steps of the scientific method. Identify a Problem Make a Hypothesis Conduct an Experiment Make Observations Draw Conclusions

4. 2 A __________ is an educated guess about what will occur in an experiment. Hypothesis

5. 3 The_______ variable is the variable that is changed or manipulated by the experimenter. There should only be one of these variables. Independent

6. 4 This variable changes as a result of changes made to the independent variable. Dependent

7. 5 _____ variables are variables which must be held constant during an experiment to ensure that there is only one independent variable affecting the results of the experiment Controlled

8. 6 A ___ ___ provides a basis for comparison in an experiment. control group

9. 7 For a line graph the ______ variable is place on the x axis (horizontal) and the _____ variable is placed on the y axis (vertical). independent, dependent

10. 8 When we describe an environment based on our five senses, it is called an _________. When we bring our past experience into making a judgment based on an observation, it is an ____. observation, inference

11. 9 The ______ of an object refers to the amount of matter in an object. Its unit is the _______. It is measured with a __________. mass, gram, balance

12. 10 The ______ of an object refers to the amount of space an object occupies. The SI unit is ______. volume, liters

13. 11 The ____ of an object refers to the pull of gravity on an object. The SI unit is the_______. It is measured with a ______. weight, Newton, scale

14. 12 The _________ of an object refers to the average kinetic energy of the particles in the object. The SI unit is ____. It is measured with a _____. temperature, Kelvin, thermometer

15. 13 The kinetic theory of matter states that ___________________. All matter is made up of tiny particles that are constantly moving

16. 14 ________ is a physical property that measures how tightly the particles are packed together in a substance. Density

17. 15 Density can be calculated by dividing the ____ of an object by it’s ______. mass, volume

18. 16 1.Solid 2.Liquid 3.Gas 4.Plasma A.Electrically charged particles act much like a gas. B.Particles packed closely together and vibrate back and forth. C.Particles are far apart and are moving very quickly. D.Particles are not as close together and free to move around. 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A

19. 17 The process of changing a solid to a liquid is called____. The energy required to do this is called the _______________. This same amount of heat must be removed to change a liquid to a solid. This process is called _______. melting, heat of fusion, freezing

20. 18 The process of changing a liquid to a gas is called____. The energy required to do this is called the _______________. This same amount of heat must be removed to change a gas to a liquid. This process is called _______. evaporation, heat of vaporization, condensation

21. 19 The direct change of a solid to a gas is _____. Sublimation

22. 20 When energy is added to a material, but not enough to cause a phase change, the particles still move faster and move slightly farther apart. This is called ____ _____. This also causes a decrease in _____ because the particles are not packed together as tightly. thermal expansion, density

23. 21 The temperature at which all particle motion would stop is called _____ ____. absolute zero

24. 22 The ______ ____ of a substance measures how much energy must be added to cause the substance’s temperature to increase. specific heat

25. 23 Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. The sub-atomic particles of atoms are ____, _____ and _____. Protons, neutrons and electrons

26. 24 Protons are _____ charged particles found in the ____ of an atom, with a mass of approximately ______. Positively, nucleus, 1 atomic mass unit (amu)

27. 25 Neutrons are ____ charged particles found in the ____ of an atom, with a mass of approximately ________. neutrally, nucleus, 1 atomic mass unit (amu)

28. 26 Electrons are _____ charged particles found in the ____ of an atom. It has a mass of approximately___. Negatively, electron cloud, 0

29. 27 Elements, Compounds _____ are substances made up of only 1 type of atom. _____ are substances made up of 2 or more types of atoms that have chemically combined.

30. 28 Each element is assigned a 1-3 letter symbol. The first letter of each symbol is always ______. The symbols are used to write formulas for compounds, with ____ indicating the number of atoms of each type of element found in the compound. Capitalized, subscripts

31. 29 The number of ____ found in an atom is called the atomic number. Each element has a ___ atomic number. Protons, unique

32. 30 The mass number of an atom refers to the total number of ____ and ___ in an atom. Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are called ___. Protons, neutrons, isotopes

33. 31 A(n) _____ is an atom with a positive or negative charge. ion

34. 32 The elements are arranged on the periodic table in order of ascending _________. Atomic number

35. 33 Each row on the periodic table is called a ____. Period

36. 34 Each column on the periodic table is called a ___; these elements usually have ___ properties. group, similar

37. 35 Metals are found on the ___ side of the periodic table; non metals on the ____ side ; and metalloids are found along the ____. Left, right, stair step

38. 36 Atoms combine with other atoms to become chemically ____, following the ___ rule which states that the outer electron level needs to have eight electrons to fill the outer shell. Stable, octet

39. 37 The _____ are group 18 on the periodic table. These atoms are already stable, and thus will/will not combine with other atoms to create compounds. noble gases, will not

40. 38 When an atom gains or loses electrons to become chemically stable, it becomes an ion and will likely form an ___ bond with one or more atoms of the opposite charge. ionic

41. 39 When an atom shares electrons to become chemically stable, it forms a ___ bond with the other atoms. covalent

42. 40 A ____ compound is a compound made up of just 2 elements. A ____ compound contains more than 2 elements. Binary, polyatomic

43. 41 Write the name for (?binary compound?) and the formula for (?binary compound?). Period table

44. 42 An ______ is a number that determines how an element will combine with other elements in a compound. It is often the charge of the element when it is chemically stable. Oxidation number

45. 43 Write the name for (?polyatomic compound?) and the formula for (?polyatomic compound?). Period table

46. 44 A ______ ____ occurs when atoms recombine to form new compounds, molecules or atoms. The mass of the products of the reaction must equal the mass of the reactants to satisfy the law of _______ __ _______. Chemical reaction, conservation of mass

47. 45 A _______ ______ is a shorthand way to write a chemical reaction. _______ are used to balance the chemical equation so that the numbers of atoms of each element are the same on both sides of the equation to show that the law of conservation of mass is being satisfied. Chemical equation, Coefficients

48. 46 In a synthesis reaction, an element and compound react to create ___ product(s). In a __________ reaction, one reactant breaks down to form two or more products. one, decomposition

49. 47 In a ____ _______ reaction, an element and compound react, creating a new compound and a new single element. In a ________ _________ reaction, two compounds react, creating two new compounds Single replacement, double replacement

50. 48 __ is a measure of the acidity of a solution using the numbers from_ to _ with _ representing a neutral solution such as pure water. pH, 0, 14, 7

51. 49 A _____ is a chemical that changes colors depending on the pH of a solution, allowing you to determine if the solution is an acid or base. indicator

52. 50 An acid is a compound that produces _______ ions when placed in a solution. It has a pH __ (range). Acids are corrosive, electrolytes, usually taste _____. Hydrogen, less than 7, sour

53. 51 A base is a compound that produces _____ ions when placed in a solution. It has a pH _______(range). Bases are corrosive electrolytes, and usually tastes _____ and feel ______. Hydroxide, greater than 7,bitter, slippery

54. 52 A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base, creating a ____ and ____. salt, water

55. 53 Electricity involves the movement of ______. electrons

56. 54 Electrons move from areas of ______electrons to areas with __ electrons. lots, few

57. 55 T/F Lighting is the movement of many electrons from an area with lots of electrons to an area with few electrons true

58. 56 T/F When you rub two objects together, one object will lose some electrons and the other will gain some electrons. true

59. 57 ______ is when you make an object become charged just by bringing another charged object near (not touching) the object. induction

60. 58 Electrons can move through some materials called _____ much easier than through other materials called______. conductors, insulators

61. 59 Opposite charges ____ to one another; like charges _____ one another. attract, repel

62. 60 The ______ _____ is an area around a charged object that acts like it has the same charge itself. electric field

63. 61 To keep electrons flowing through a circuit, a ______ _____ must be provided (by a battery or outlet) to get the electrons to move away from their nucleus. potential difference

64. 62 A _____ is a closed path through which electrons can flow. circuit

65. 63 The number of electrons flowing past one point in the circuit in one second is called ___; it is measured in a unit called ____. current, amperes

66. 64 The amount of energy available to push electrons along a wire is called ___; it is measured in a unit called ____. voltage, volts

67. 65 The opposition to flow of electrons in a circuit is called ____; it is measured in a unit called ____. resistance, ohms

68. 66 If the voltage of a circuit is increased, the current will ____; if the resistance of a circuit is increased, the current will ___. increase, decrease

69. 67 The rate at which electricity does work or provides energy is called ___; it is measured in a unit called ____. power, watts

70. 68 In _____ provided by an outlet, the electrons moving in a circuit alternate direction 120 times every second. In ___ provided by a battery, the electrons move in one direction only. alternating current (AC), direct current (DC)

71. 69 A magnet has a north pole and a south pole. Like poles ___ each other, and opposite poles ___ each other. repel, attract

72. 70 The _____ is the area around the magnet where the forces of attraction and repulsion can be felt. magnetic field

73. 71 Magnetic ___ are groups of atoms with aligned magnetic poles. For an object to be magnetic, they must be ___. Domains, aligned

74. 72 Electricity can be used to align magnetic domains; magnets created this way are called ___. electromagnets

75. 73 A ______ converts electrical energy to mechanical energy by using the forces of attraction and repulsion between electromagnets and permanent magnets. Electric motor

76. 74 _______ is a process used to make energy by moving a wire through a magnetic field. Generators at power plants use this process to produce alternating current (AC) electricity. Electromagnetic induction

77. 75 ______ are used to step up or step down voltage of alternating current using electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction. Transformers

78. 76 Waves are rhythmic disturbances that carry ____ through space or matter. The material through which it travels is called ____. Energy, medium

79. 77 _____ measures the distance from the beginning of one wave to the beginning of the next wave. Wavelength

80. 78 _____ measures the number of waves that pass a place in one second; it is measured in hertz. Frequency

81. 79 _____ measures the speed of the wave. Wave velocity

82. 80 When the wavelength of a wave decreases, the frequency ____. Increases

83. 81 In ____ waves, such as light waves, the medium moves at a right angle to the direction the wave is moving. The ____ measures the displacement of the medium compared to the equilibrium position. The high points these waves are called ____, and the low points are called ___. Transverse, amplitude, crests, troughs

84. 82 List the waves of the electro magnetic spectrum in order from shortest to longest waves. Gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, and radio waves

85. 83 In ____ waves, such as sound waves, the medium vibrates in the same direction as the direction the wave is moving. compressional

86. 84 The pitch of a sound wave depends on the wave ____; higher pitches are created by _____. Frequency, higher frequencies

87. 85 The ___ is the perceived change in wave frequency when a sound source passes by a listener; the wave pitch is ___ before the sound source passes by, because the object is catching up to its own sound waves. Doppler effect, lower

88. 86 The primary colors of light are __, __ and __; when added together, they make ___ light. The primary colors of pigment are __, __ and __; when added together, they make __ pigment. Red, blue, green, white, magenta, cyan, yellow, black

89. 87 When waves reflect off surface, they follow the law of reflection: the angle of ______ equals the angle of______. incidence, reflection

90. 88 When waves enter a new medium, they bend due to the change in velocity; this is called _____. refraction

91. 89 _______ is when waves bend as they go around tiny barriers in a material. Diffraction

92. 90 The rate of change of position of an object is called _____; the ______ tells you not only the rate of change of position, but also the direction of movement. speed,velocity

93. 91 The rate of change of the speed of an object is called________. acceleration

94. 92 A force is a ____ or ____ on object. The size of the force is measured in a unit called ______. push, pull, Newtons

95. 93 ______ forces act equally on a object from all sides, resulting in no change in motion. Balanced

96. 94 ___ forces do not act equally on an object from all sides, resulting in acceleration for the object. Net

97. 95 Newton’s 1 st law of motion states that ______________________. It is sometimes called the law of _____, which is the tendency of an object to resist any changes in its motion. objects will maintain a constant velocity unless acted on by as net force; inertia

98. 96 Newton’s 2 nd law of motion states that ______________________________ _____________. the amount of acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the size of the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

99. 97 Newton’s 3 rd law of motion states that ____________________________ __________. forces always occur in pairs; in other words, for every action there is a equal and opposite reaction.

100. 98 ______ is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching. Friction

101. 99 _______ is a force that pulls two objects together. ______ is a measure of the amount of this force acting on an object. Gravity, Weight

102. 100 ________ is a force that slows down moving objects due to the friction between the object and the air. Air resistance

103. 101 _____ is the ability to cause change. It is measured in a unit called ______. Energy, Joules

104. 102 _____ _____ is stored energy. ______ _____ is the energy due to the motion of an object. AS an object falls towards the earth, _______ energy is converted to ______ energy. Potential energy, Kinetic energy, potential, kinetic

105. 103 The law of ________ __ ____ states that energy cannot be created of destroyed; however, it can be changed from one form to another. Conservation of energy

106. 104 _____ is using energy to apply a force over a distance. Like energy, it is measured in _____. Work, Joules

107. 105 ______ is the rate at which work is done. It is measured in ____. Power, Watts