1. The Chemistry of Life

2. Up and Atom!  Basic Unit of Matter is the ATOM  100 million atoms is only 1 cm long!

3. Subatomic Particles  Protons (+)  Electrons (-)  Neutrons  Protons and Neutrons have similar mass.  Electrons have 1/1840 the mass of a proton.

4. Elements  Element – a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom.  The periodic table is full of them!  Ex: Carbon, Oxygen, Chlorine, Neon

5. Chemical Compounds  A compound is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements.  Ex: H 2 0, NaCl, C 6 H 12 O 6

6. Chemical Bonds  Ionic Bond  1 or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.  Atom gaining electrons becomes more (-)  Atom losing electrons becomes more (+)  A (+) or (-) charged atom is known as an ion.  Covalent Bond  Electrons are shared between two atoms.  This forms a molecule.

7. Polarity of Water  Uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen.

8. Hydrogen Bonds  Cohesion  Attraction between molecules of the same substance.  Creates surface tension.

9. Hydrogen Bonds  Adhesion  Attraction between molecules of different substances.

10. Macromolecules  Large compounds formed by joining smaller compounds.  Monomer – single unit  Polymer - multiple units joined together

11. Carbohydrates  C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio  Main source of energy  Ex: glucose(sugar) and starches C 6 H 12 O 6

12. Carbohydrates  Monosaccharaides – single sugar molecule  Polysaccharides – many sugar molecules joined together

13. Lipids  C,H  Fats, oils, waxes  Not soluble in liquids(generally)  Used to store energy  Great at waterproofing  Used by cells to create a membrane

14. Lipids  Saturated – Carbons are joined by single bond.  Unsaturated – At least one C - C bond is a double bond.

15. Nucleic Acids  C,H,N,O,P  Made out of individual monomers called nucleotides.  Consists of 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.  Store and transmit genetic information.  Ribonucelic Acid (RNA)  Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

16. Proteins  C,H,N,O  Polymers of amino acids  Controls the rate of reactions and regulates cell processes.  Form bones and muscles  Transport substances in/out cell  Fight disease

17. Proteins  Amino group (-NH 2 ) and a carboxyl group (-COOH).

18. Proteins Amino Acids Protein Molecule

19. Chemical Reactions and Enzymes  Process that changes, or transforms one set of chemicals into another.

20. Reaction Basics  Reactant – elements or compounds that enter in to the reaction  Products – the elements or compounds that are produced by a reaction.   making more products   making more reactants (reverse reaction)

21. Endothermic vs Exothermic  Endothermic – energy absorbing  Feels cold  Exothermic – energy releasing  Feels warm  Looks bright  You can hear it

22. Energy  How do plants get energy?  How do animals get energy?

23. Energy  Activation Energy – energy needed to get the reaction started.

24. Enzymes  Proteins that act as biological catalyst  Catalyst – substance that speeds up the rate of reaction.  So an enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cell.  How?  By lowering the required activation energy.

26. Regulating Enzymes  pH  Temperature  Proteins can turn some enzymes on/off.