1. INT 3131 INT 313: International Organization

2. INT 3132 Summary The League of Nations 1. Establishment of the LN 2. Membership Issues 3. The Covenant The Maintenance of Peace Economic and Social Issues 4. The Structure

3. INT 3133 The Structure of the LN 1. Assembly 2. Council 3. Secretariat

4. INT 3134 Lecture Outline (05.11.2002) Activities of the League of Nations The Control of Political and Military Conflict (International Security Issues) Economic and Social Issues General Assessment of the League of Nations

5. INT 3135 The Control of Political and Military Conflict The First Decade –Conflict was generally between small and middle powers settlement of disputes between Finland and Sweden over the Åland Islands in 1921 1925, Greek-Bulgarian border dispute 1925, Turkey-Iraqi border dispute 1931, Japanese attacks in Manchuria 1934, Italy’s conquest of Ethiopia Other Failures of the League

6. INT 3136 1934, Italy’s conquest of Ethiopia Embargo (Article 16) –To stop the sale of arms to Italy –To cut off credit to Italian government –To prohibit imports from Italy –To embargo the sale to Italy of strategic war materials Failure because; –Embargo did not cover all the fields (food, coal, steel, oil) –Italian access to the Suez Canal was not prevented –Italian mainland was not blockaded –Diplomatic relations remained with Italy 1936 The Sanctions Ended “Let us never forget that one day we may be somebody’s Ethiopia”

7. INT 3137 Other Failures of the League Hitler’s remilitarization of the Rhineland and Hitler’s invasion of Austria and Czechoslovakia Spanish Civil War (Italian, German, Soviet Involvement) 1937 Japan Invasion of China 1939 Soviet attack to Finland

8. INT 3138 Economic and Social Issues

9. INT 3139 General Assessment of the League of Nations It was radical as well as It was conservative Reasons of Failure –Absence from membership of major states –Gaps and technical weaknesses of the Covenant –Lack of effective international agencies