1. Somalia ECON 3510 A Brief Note May 18, 2010

2. Somali Nomad Girls

6. Some History: A Timeline 9000 BC: earliest recorded habitation (cave paintings) 3000BC: domestication of the camel 800 BC- 400 AD: trade role with Phoenicia, Ancient Egypt, Crete, Greece, Roman Empire 700 AD Muslim conquest of region; – Mogadishu becomes the major Muslim capital in the region – Trade role continued – Tolerance with Ethiopia maintained Series of Empires in the region

7. 1885 Berlin Conference: – Italy awarded the region; – begin attempts at control and colonization – Somalis resist fiercely 1925, Italians invade; bitter conflict, 1927 victory – British take “Somaliland” in north, after conflict; – French awarded Djibouti 1940: Italians conquer British Somaliland 1941: British defeat Italians – British “martial law” to 1945; 1949-1959: 10 year Trusteeship to Italy – Prosperity in the 1950s 1960 Independence Italian Empire, 1936-1940 !

8. 1960 Independence Problem Issues: – North-South divide; – Ogaden issue with Ethiopia – Somali territory in Kenya – Language difficulties (English. Italian. Somali dialects, numerous scripts for Somali language) Cold War Complications: – Links with Russia and China 1968: Coup d’Etat; Siad Barre takes presidency – ”Supreme Revolutionary Council” – Scientific Socialism” synthesizing Marx and Islam; – Personality cult – Language reform

9. 1977: Ogaden War with Ethiopia Somalia over-ran Ogaden desert USSR switches sides; Soviet, Cuban & N. Korean Assistance support Ethiopian re-capture of Ogaden 1970 to 1990: serious economic problems Due to war and policy stupidities Barre lost any support;

10. 1980s: civil conflict 1991:Barre overthrown; Somaliland declared Independence; 1993: UN Peacekeeping force established To support provision of humanitarian aid 1995“Black hawk Down”, Battle of Mogadishu US and UN leave Somalia

11. 1998: Puntland declared independence 2002: Southwestern Somaliland declared “autonomy” 1981-2006: Collapse of Centralized Governmental Authority 2006-2008: “Islamic Courts Union” or ICU takes control “Sharia law”…..

12. 2008-June 2009: “Transitional Federal Parliament” TFP control: limited area shrinking to Mogadishu by 2009 2008-Jan 2009: Ethiopian Army invades to support TFP African Union send peacekeepers (Ghana and Burundi) June 2009: TFP appears to be in desperation, with only weeks left to survive Shabab poised to take power? 1990-2009: Somalia essentially without a government

13. Insurgents Side: Islamic Courts Union Islamic Courts Union Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia al-ShabaabAlliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia al-Shabaab (meaning :Youth”) Ras Kamboni Brigades Jabhatul Islamiya Muaskar Anole Ras Kamboni Brigades Jabhatul Islamiya Muaskar Anole Alleged: Al-Qaeda and other foreign mujahideen Ogaden National Liberation Front Al-Qaedaforeign mujahideen Egypt Libya EritreaEgyptLibyaEritrea Transitional Federal Government Ethiopia Ethiopia African Union Puntland Galmudug Puntland Galmudug pro-Ethiopian warlords African Union Mission to Somalia UN United States Uganda Burundi KeUnited States Uganda Burundi Kenya :

16. Basic Information on Somalia Note: Most information is not available for Somalia. Here is some of what is available. Population: 8.7 million (2007) Population Growth Rate:2.8 % per annum (Doubling every 25 years) Fertility Rate:6.8 children per woman (2007) Maternal Mortality:1,400 per 100,000 live births African average: 900 Life Expectancy: 48 years (2007) Official Development Assistance (2005): $US 236.4 million ODA per capita:$US 28.7

17. Economy during the Civil Chaos OK in the north (Somaliland) Continuing disruption in the south Continues clicking over; informal economy completely; Current Dependence on Food Aid to prevent death from famine; Major cash infusions from ransoms and remittances

18. Nutritional Situation May 6, 2010,