1. For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

2. Classical Greece

3. Classical Greece 500 – 404 BCE Athens Golden Age
490 BCE – Athens defeats the Persians at Battle of Marathon
480 BCE – Athens and the acropolis are destroyed by Persian invasion force
480 BCE – Athenian navy defeats Persian navy at Battle of Salamis
479 BCE – Athens and Sparta defeat Persian army at Battle of Plataea
461 – 429 BCE Pericles rules Athens as strategos
431 – 404 BCE Peloponnesian War between Athens & Sparta – Sparta wins

4. Classical Greece
Greeks were polytheistic – had many gods – the 12 leading gods were known as The Olympians
The Greek gods lived upon Mt Olympus
There were also demi-gods – half god half human (Herakles) and heroes (Achilles, Perseus, Theseus, etc).

5. Classical Greece The 12 Olympians were:
Zeus – king of gods, god of lightning, the skies
Poseidon – god of the sea, water
Hades – god of the underworld
Hera – queen of the gods, goddess of marriage
Aphrodite – goddess of love, beauty
Apollo – god of sun, music, archery
Athena – goddess of wisdom, war
Ares – god of war
Artemis – goddess of moon, the hunt
Hestia – goddess of the home, the hearth
Hermes – messenger of the gods, medicine
Haphaestus – god of metalwork, the forge
** Dionysius – god of wine, the theater, altered states (added to 12 later)

6. Classical Greece Key terms Agora – public square
Acropolis – citadel on a hill
Stoa – roofed colonnade
Cella – center of the temple where statue of the god stood
Strategos – literally ‘general’ but an elected position of power in the Athenian government

7. Characteristics of Classical Greek Art
Emotionless, expressionless faces
Perfection is sought in human form
Man is the measure of all things
Golden ratio used in buildings – exact ratios
Attempt at the ideal
Man has control over nature is a theme

8. Classical Greece - Art Acropolis c. 470-420 BCE Athens, Greece
Artists: Iktinos, Kallikrates, Phidias, Mneskiles
Rebuilt by Pericles after it was destroyed by Persians
Citadel on a hill

9. Copyright ©2012 Pearson Inc.
Greek. Map: Athens as it appeared in the late fifth century BCE.
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Inc.

10. Acropolis Athens, Greece
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Acropolis
Athens, Greece

11. Model of the Acropolis. ca. 400 BCE.

12. Classical Greece - Art

13. Classical Greece - Art Parthenon 448-432 BCE Athens, Greece
Iktinos, Kallikrates and Phidias
Considered most perfect building by architects
Uses the Golden Ratio
Roof was blown off by Venetians during war with Turks

14. Classical Greece - Art

15. Ictinus and Callicrates
Ictinus and Callicrates. Closer Look: the Parthenon: The interior decoration of the Parthenon ceiling, as reconstructed and published by Gottfried Semper, 1878 (color drawing). 447–438 BCE.
Ictinus and Callicrates. The interior decoration of the Parthenon ceiling, as reconstructed and published by Gottfried Semper, 1878 (color drawing). 447–438 BCE.

16. Greek. The Stoa of Attalus, Athens, Greece. 150 BCE.

17. Classical Greece - Art Lapith and Centaur Metope 440 BCE
Athens, Greece
Artist: Phidias
Symbolizing the conflict between civilization and barbarianism

18. Classical Greece - Art Three Goddesses 438-432 BCE Athens, Greece
Artist: Phidias
Usually identified as Hestia, Dione, Aphrodite
The drapery appears wet and hence is called – wet drapery

19. Classical Greece - Art Procession of Women 440 BCE Athens, Greece
Artist: Phidias
Physical types idealized
Concept of unity and variety – similar enough to unify the whole yet different to capture the eye

20. Classical Greece - Art Erechtheus, Praxithea and Their Daughters
440 BCE
Athens, Greece
Artist: Phidias
This stood above the entrance to the Parthenon
Shows King Erechtheus preparing his daughters for sacrifice

21. Classical Greece - Art The Propylaia 437-432 BCE Athens, Greece
Artist: Mnesikles
This was the monumental entrance way into the acropolis
Similar to Doric temple

22. Classical Greek Art – The Propylaia Stairwell

23. Classical Greek Art Erechtheion 421-405 BCE Athens, Greece
Artist: Mnesikles
Served as temple that held sacred olive tree and sacred salt water pool

24. Acropolis, Athens, Greece
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Erechtheion
Acropolis, Athens, Greece

25. Classical Greek Art Porch of the Caryatids (from the Erechtheum)
421 – 405 BCE
Athens, Greece
Artist: Mneskiles
Temple was dedicated to legendary king of Athens Erechtheus
Porch was used for public speeches
Use of female figures as columns

26. Classical Greek Art Temple of Athena Nike 427 – 424 BCE Athens, Greece
Artist: Kallikrates
Use of Ionic columns
Temple dedicated to Athena Victorious as protector of city of Athens

27. Classical Greek Art Kritios Boy 480 BCE Athens, Greece Artist: Kritios
First statue to use contrapposto and stand in true sense with weight shifted

28. from the sea off Riace, Italy
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Warrior
from the sea off Riace, Italy
ca B.C.E.
bronze
78 in. high
Found complete because it is from an ancient shipwreck

29. from the sea off Cape Artemision, Greece
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Zeus (or Poseidon?)
from the sea off Cape Artemision, Greece
ca B.C.E.
bronze
82 in. high
Not sure which god because item is missing from his hands to identify him

30. Classical Greek Art Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) 450 – 440 BCE
Athens, Greece
Artist: Polykleitos
Only exists in Roman copies
Greeks called in the canon (meaning rule or measure)
This was considered the best example of contrapposto.

31. FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

32. Banqueting Scene, panel from the Tomb of the Diver, Paestum, Italy
Banqueting Scene, panel from the Tomb of the Diver, Paestum, Italy. Early fifth century BCE.
Banqueting Scene, panel from the Tomb of the Diver, Paestum, Italy. Early fifth century BCE.

33. Late Classical Greek Art
Aphrodite of Knidos or Knidian Aphrodite
BCE
Knidos, Greece
Artist: Praxiteles
This is a Roman copy, there are many versions of this.
Praxiteles chose marble rather than bronze to work in
First nude monumental statue
Blatant use of eroticism
Early example of change from Classical to Hellenistic

34. Late Classical Greek Art

35. Classical Greek Art Discobolus (Discus Thrower) 450 BCE
Olympia, Greece
Artist: Myron
Roman copy of Greek bronze
Tribute to athlete
Perfection of frozen movement

36. Late Classical Greek Art
Apoxymenos (The Scraper)
330 BCE
Athens, Greece
Artist: Lysippos
Arm extending out into space for first time in sculpture
Roman copies only exist
Shows an athlete scraping oil from his skin with a strigil

37. Classical Greek Art Muse and Maiden 440-430 BCE Attic, Greece
By the Achilles Painter
In classical era the use of white backgrounds is exclusively for funerary vases

38. Classical Greek Art Theater of Epidauros 350 BCE Epidauros, Greece
Artist: Polykleitos the Younger
Best natural acoustics in the world; Greek theaters were all built into the sides of hills, never freestanding like Roman theaters

39. Plan: Theater at Epidaurus (line drawing). Early third century BCE.

40. Late Classical Greek Art
Socrates
350 BCE
Athens, Greece
Artist: Lysippos
Copy of Greek bronze
Socrates is considered the first great philosopher of the West

41. Late Classical Greek Art
Plato
350 – 340 BCE
Athens, Greece
Artist: Silanion
Plato is considered western history’s greatest philosopher
Plato was his nickname meaning “broad one”

42. Philosophy in the Late Classical Period
Plato (428 – 347 BCE)
Disciple of Socrates
Apology, Crito, Phaedo
The Academy – first school of higher learning
Political theory / ideal society shown in his republic
Theory of Forms/idealism
Inspired by chaos of 4th c. Greek politics

43. Pre Socratics Pythagoras - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlBA9_3zj9w
EMPEDOCLES -
HERACLITUS /PARMENIDES -

44. Plato’s cave

45. Some Socrates and aristotle
- Euthyphro
– Aristotle

46. Epicurus - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2r1KaB15ck&feature=relmfu

47. Philosophy in the Late Classical Period
Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE)
Pupil of Plato
Tutor to alexander the great
The Lyceum – second major school of higher learning
Platonist vs. Aristotelian still 2 major schools of philosophy
Metaphysics, Physics, Rhetoric, Poetics
World of the senses/realism
“Master of those who know.”
Developed scientific method

48. Classical Greek Art

49. Hellenistic Greece 388 – 322 BCE Aristotle’s life
360 – 336 BCE – Philip II King of Macedon begins conquest of Greece
343 – 340 BCE – Aristotle is assigned as tutor for Alexander III
338 BCE – Greece united under Philip II of Macedon
336 BCE – Assassination of Philip II ; Alexander III becomes king
334 – 330 BCE – Alexander conquers Persian Empire
327 BCE – Alexander reaches India but is forced to return by troops
June 10, 323 BCE – Alexander dies of fever in Babylon
323 – 30 BCE Alexander’s Empire is split by his generals and ruled over as Hellenism spreads throughout Mediterranean World
Hellenistic World includes Persia, Syria, Turkey, Egypt, Greece, parts of India, Italy, southern France and southern Spain.

50. Hellenistic Art Aspired to:
Hellenistic Greek Art
Hellenistic Art Aspired to:
Show that idealism was not important
Show that maybe humans could NOT impose order on nature and the universe
Believe that perfection was NOT attainable
Show more truth and reality in art
Make art more human and emotional

51. Hellenistic Art Characteristics
Dramatic
Violent
Erotic
Spontaneous
Passionate
Emotional

52. Alexander’s Hellenistic Empire

53. From the House of the Faun, Pompei, Italy
Philoxenes of Eretria
Battle of Issus
From the House of the Faun, Pompei, Italy
ca. 310 B.C.E.
tessera Mosaic
8 ft. 10 in. x 16 ft. 9 in.
Shows Alexander battling the Persian Emperor
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

54. Philoxenes of Eretria (detail) Battle of Issus
From the House of the Faun, Pompei, Italy
ca. 310 B.C.E.
tessera Mosaic
8 ft. 10 in. x 16 ft. 9 in.
Darius III
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

55. Battle of Issus (detail) From the House of the Faun, Pompei, Italy
Philoxenes of Eretria
Battle of Issus (detail)
From the House of the Faun, Pompei, Italy
ca. 310 B.C.E.
tessera Mosaic
8 ft. 10 in. x 16 ft. 9 in
Detail of Alexander.
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

56. Hellenistic Art Alexander the Great 330 BCE Pella, Macedonia
Roman copy of bronze
Alexander was perhaps the greatest military general the world has seen
His empire spread Hellenism to the east

57. Hellenistic Art Temple of Olympian Zeus 2nd century BCE Athens, Greece
Use of Corinthian order for a major temple is first employed here
Romans would prefer this order to all others

58. Choragic Monument of Lysikrates Athens, Greece
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Choragic Monument of Lysikrates
Athens, Greece
334 B.C.E.
Marble
Was originally open in middle and trophy was displayed with statue

59. Hellenistic Greek Art Altar of Zeus 180 – 160 BCE Pergamon, Turkey
Finest example of existing Hellenistic architecture
Sculpture on the friezes is full of movement, violence and emotion

60. Hellenistic Greek Art Athena and Alkyoneus 166-156 BCE
Pergamon, Turkey
High relief shows play of shadows to create depth
Emotion and movement portrayed effectively
Page 93 – not quite correct title

61. Hellenistic Greek Art Trojan Horse Frieze 2nd – 3rd century CE
Gandhara, India
Greek art and themes spread all the way to India because of Alexander’s triumphs

62. Hellenistic Greek Art Nike of Samothrace (Winged Victory)
BCE
Samothrace, Greece
Artist: Pythokritos of Rhodes
One of the 3 Masterpieces of Hellenistic art
Part of a monument to a naval victory by Eudamos of Rhodes
Rare instance of a monument and statue being found in its original location – found in 1863
Captures movement of wind

63. Hellenistic Greek Art Laocoon 1st century BCE Rhodes, Greece
Artists: Hagesandros, Athanodoros & Polydoros
One of the 3 great masterpieces of Hellenistic Art
Extreme show of emotion, violence and passion

64. Hellenistic Greek Art Aphrodite of Melos (Venus di Milo) 190 – 130 BCE
Melos, Greece
Artist: Alexandros of Antioch
One of the 3 masterpieces of Hellenistic art
Erotic pose and drapery
Return to classical smile

65. Aphrodite, Eros and Pan from Delos, Greece ca. 100 B.C.E. marble
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Aphrodite, Eros and Pan
from Delos, Greece
ca. 100 B.C.E.
marble
52 in. high
Dramatic movement is typical of Hellenistic Art

66. Sleeping Satyr (Barberini Faun)
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Sleeping Satyr (Barberini Faun)
ca B.C.E.
marble
85 in. high
Captures a more intimate moment as he melds back into the tree

67. FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

68. Old Market Woman ca. 150-100 B.C.E. marble 54 in. high
FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Old Market Woman
ca B.C.E.
marble
54 in. high
Dramatic realism and even slight eroticism

69. Hellenistic Greek Art

70. Hellenistic Greek Art

71. Hellenistic Greek Art

72. Hellenistic Greek Art

73. Hellenistic Art

74. Hellenistic Art

75. Greek Art
The end . . .
Next Lecture
The Etruscans

76. Zeitgeist