1. Tools & Techniques
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2. Anatomy “The build of the human body”
‘Subassemblies’ of interest in ergonomics
spine
structure – figures
potential injuries – figures
upper extremities
figures
lower extremities
figure 2.17
joints, cartilage & ligaments, and tendons
figures
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3. Reference planes & directions
Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)
Median plane
Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)
Directions
Proximal
Distal
Anterior or ventral
Posterior or dorsal
Medial
Lateral
Superior or cranial
Inferior or caudal
Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
A vertical plane running from side toside; divides the body or any of its partsinto anterior and posterior portions.
Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)
A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.
Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)
A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.
Median plane
Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its partsinto right and left halves
Proximal
toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone).
Distal
away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm).
Anterior or ventral
front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg).
Posterior or dorsal
back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).
Medial
toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot).
Lateral
away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot).
Superior or cranial
toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity).
Inferior or caudal
away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity).
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4. Musculoskeletal System
Skeleton
Provides framework for the body
Protects the soft body parts
With muscles, work as simple mechanical lever systems to produce body movement
Muscles
Provide motion, balance, stability
Also responsible for heat production
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5. The Spine Complex structure structure – figures 2.1-2.5
potential injuries – figures
a variety of models, including 3-D models are used to predict potential sources of injury
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6. Upper Extremity Divided into shoulder, arm, and hand figures 2.8-2.15
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7. Lower extremity Source of few occupational injuries
Foot and ankle, figure 2.17
Importance is balance and support for the spine
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8. Joints & Tendons Joints (articulations) Tendons
three types of joints: immovable, slightly movable and freely movable.
figure 2.18, pg 24
Tendons
transmit force from muscle to bone
figure 2.19, pg. 25
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9. In-Class Exercise 1 Complete the following table: Subassembly
potential cause(s) of injury
spine
upper extremities
lower extremities
joints, cartilage & ligaments, and tendons
Subassembly potential cause(s) of injury
spine Disks wear out, lack of movement, individual physical factors (weight, age, flexibility), psychological factors, task demand factors (posture, speed, repetition), hereditary factors
upper extremities Typing, heavy lifting, excessive throwing, vibrating tools, overextension
lower extremities Not wearing proper shoes (ankle bracing, steel toes), overuse of knee joint, unequal leg lengths cause back problems
joints, cartilage & ligaments, and tendons Extended use of sharp-edged tools (‘trigger finger’), tendonitis, rotating forearm while wrist is bent (medial epicondylitis), dislocation, overextension
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10. Biomechanics Lever systems 1st class levers 3rd class levers
2nd class levers
See also figs , pg. 27
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11. Biomechanical Models 2-D & 3-D models have been developed
Simple statics & dynamics can be used to estimate the effect of tool and equipment design on forces exerted on the joints and skeletal system
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12. Your turn …
Hold your textbook straight out in front of you. On a scale of 1 – 10, where 1 is barely noticeable and 10 is too much to hold, rate the level of effort required.
Draw the free body diagram of this exercise.
Now bend your elbow so that you are holding your textbook up at a 90° angle to your upper arm. Rate the level of effort required for this.
Now hold out your note packet straight out and at a 90° angle. Rate the level of effort required for each of these.
Use the free body diagrams to explain the differences among your ratings.
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13. Biomechanics Exercise
Situation
Level of Effort
Free Body Diagram
Textbook held straight out
Textbook held at 90° angle
Notes held straight out
Notes held at 90° angle
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14. Factors affecting force capabilities
Posture
Individual differences
Gender
Age
Training
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