1. Psychology 3506 Neuropharmacology Dr. David R. Brodbeck

2. Introduction What is a drug? –Well, we all know what it means… –That ain’t good enough, we need some sort of definition –Alters physiology, but is not food….. Vitamin C? Some things are also poisons –Gasoline, mugwart.. Perhaps we don’t need a definition

3. Still…. What if you take it not to treat anything or to get high –Coke –Coffee –Beer Frankly, an intuitive definition will have to do.

4. Names Chemical Names –7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1- methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4- benzodiazepin-2-one. –How very helpful…. Generic Names –diazepam –flouexitine Trade Names –Valium –Prozac

5. Dosages Different dosage sizes will have different effects on different people, animals. Especially if they weigh different amounts Standardize it mg/kg

6. Dose Response Curves Pick some variable for a response Plot response as a function of dose One drink and I am relaxed 4 drinks and I am tipsy 8 drinks and I am ‘relaxed’ again. This shape is very common in DRCs

7. Dose Response Curves Effect of morphine and morphine + naloxone on activity (left) and nosepoke (right) (Criswell, 1987)

8. Describing Effectiveness ED 50 and LD 50 Effective dose for 50 percent of the population –subjective Lethal dose for 50% of the population Therapeutic Index (TI) –TI = LD 50 / ED 50 –Higher the index, the safer the drug

9. Potency and Effectiveness or Efficacy Find the ED 50 for both drugs The one with the lower ED 50 is more potent Efficacy is about the maximum amount of effect the drug will have Morphine vs. aspirin

10. Some other key terms Primary effects or main effects vs. side effects –Depends on your point of view –If you are taking morphine to deal with pain, the main effect is the analgesia and the (albeit fun) side effect is being high –If you are taking it because you want to groove to Quicksilver Messenger Service….

11. Key Terms, Continued AgonistsAntagonists –Naloxone and opiates for example Additive effects Superadditive effects –Sleeping pills and martinis

12. Routes of Administration If you are injecting, you need a vehicle –Saline Subcutaneous –Slowest absorption IntramuscularIntraperitoneal –Fastest absorption Intravenousintraventricular

13. Routes… Get into bloodstream via diffusion –(except IV injections obviously) Inhalation works the same way –Gasses or solids Orally, depends on lipid solubility –More soluble the easier the absorption –Ionized molecules are not absorbed –Rate is constant

14. Distribution and Metabolism Once absorbed, the drug has to get past the blood brain barrier Get across the membrane through passive or active transport Protein binding stops some Taken out of blood stream by kidneys, liver –Measured in half life

15. What affects metabolism? AgeSexSpecies Enzyme induction Enzyme depression Putting absorption and excretion together, you get the time course of the drug

16. Therapeutic window You want to maintain enough of the drug in the system Easy if the drug has a long time course Harder if the time course is longer

17. So, there’s the pharmacology, what about the behaviour? In behavioural pharmacology we use dose as the Independent variable and response (behaviour) ad the dependent variable Need a control group or control condiiton –Between subjects designs –Within subjects designs Statistical tests are done Placebo controls are VERY IMPORTANT

18. Importance of placebo controls Levine, Gordon and Fields (1977) –2 groups, one given real analgesic, other given placebo –Both report analgesia! –Naloxone given –Only return of pain in analgesia group

19. I bet you could teach a course on research methods…. Co relational research is also important CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATION Science is not done in a vacuum Unstructured observation is as useful as champagne in the Leafs dressing room –Can lead to ideas though Systematic introspection is OK –Questionnaires like the MPQ

20. Common Dependent Variables Arousal level (use EEG) Perceptual stuff –Flicker fusion –Thresholds –Timing Cognitive stuff –Memory –vigilance

21. More Measures Motor tasks –Pursuit rotor –Tapping rate Non humans too –Timing –Learning and memory –Avoidance –Paw lick test

22. Conditioning Drug effects can be conditioned But, UR <> CR (not always anyway) –If drug affects PNS, you get the opposite effect!! Behavioural Tolerance –Campbell and Sieden (1973) –Amphetamine and DRL