1. Taxonomy
a classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin etc.

2. KINGDOM CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPLE Monera Prokaryocyte Bacteria
Monera
Prokaryocyte
Bacteria
Actinomyces
Protista
Eukaryocyte
Protozoa
Fungi
Eukaryocyte *
Plants
Moss
Animals
Arthropods
Mammals
Man

3. KINGDOM CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPLE Monera Prokaryocyte Bacteria
Monera
Prokaryocyte
Bacteria
Actinomyces
Protista
Eukaryocyte
Protozoa
Fungi
Eukaryocyte *
Plants
Moss
Animals
Arthropods
Mammals
Man

4. Classification of Fungi
Kingdom Fungi
Division -mycota
Subdivision -mycotina
Class -mycetae
Subclass -mycetes
Order -ales
Family -aceae
Genus
Species

6. Classification of Fungi
Four major division of fungi, base on the type of sexual spores (ascospore, basidiospore, zygospore, oospore), plus another group, which have no know sexual state.
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycota (Imperfect fungi)

7. Classification & Phylogeny
asci
basidia
The phyla of fungi are determined by
1. motility of spores
2. nature of sexual stage
Fungi moved onto land with the plants in the Early Paleozoic
Much of the evolution of fungi was in conjunction with the evolution of plants and plant parts
For example, when roots evolved, fungi were there and helped (mycorrhizas)
When wood evolved, fungi evolved to take advantage of it
Other evolutionary changes related to animals
zygosporangia
Classification & Phylogeny
motile spores

8. Chytridiomycota – “chytrids”
Simple fungi
Produce motile spores - zoospores
Mostly saprobes and parasites in aquatic habitats
Could just as well be Protists
Chytridium growing on spores
Classified in CMR as true fungi (because of their molecular relationships)
Remainder of the phyla are almost exclusively terrestrial (a few molds on wet plant material)
Chytriomyces growing on pine pollen

9. Cell walls contain chitin and glucan
‘Chytrids’ are considered the earliest branch of the true fungi (Eumycota)
Cell walls contain chitin and glucan
Only true fungi that produce motile, flagellated zoospores
– Usually single, posterior whiplash type
– Some species have multiple flagella
Zoospore ultrastructure is taxonomically important within this phylum
Commonly found in soils or aquatic environments, chytrids have a significant role in degrading organics
Classified in CMR as true fungi (because of their molecular relationships)
Remainder of the phyla are almost exclusively terrestrial (a few molds on wet plant material)

10. A few are obligate intracellular parasites of plants, algae, and small animals (e.g., frogs)
Very few economically important species (Synchytrium endobioticum causes potato wart disease)
More important (and fascinating) as biological models (e.g, Allomyces).
Classified in CMR as true fungi (because of their molecular relationships)
Remainder of the phyla are almost exclusively terrestrial (a few molds on wet plant material)

11. Zygomycota – “zygote fungi”
Rhizopus on strawberries
Sexual Reproduction - zygosporangia
Asexual reprod. – common (sporangia – bags of asexual spores)
Hyphae have no cross walls
Grow rapidly
Decomposers, pathogens, and some form mycorrhizal associations with plants
Most of the 600 zygomycote, or zygote fungi, are terrestrial, living in soil or on decaying plant and animal material.
Asexual reproduction in sporangia
One zygomycote group form mycorrhizas, mutualistic associations with the roots of plants.
Rhinocerebral zygomycosis

12. Five features of Phylum Zygomycota
– Cell walls contain chitin, chitosan, and polyglucuronic acid
– Some members typically bear multinucleate, coenocytic hyphae, i.e., without cross walls (septa; sing., septum)
• When present, septa are simple partitions
• Some Orders have regular septations that are flared having a centrally plugged pore
– Produce zygospores (meiospore).
Classified in CMR as true fungi (because of their molecular relationships)
Remainder of the phyla are almost exclusively terrestrial (a few molds on wet plant material)

13. Importance of the zygomycetous fungi – Organic degraders/recyclers
– Asexual spores (mitospores), termed sporangiospores, form through cytoplasmic cleavage within a sac-like structure termed a sporangium
– Haploid genome
Importance of the zygomycetous fungi
– Organic degraders/recyclers
– Useful in foodstuffs/fermentations
– Pathogens of insects/other animals
Generalized life cycle
– Asexual stage (anamorphic; imperfect)
• A thin-walled sac (sporangium) is walled off at the tip and fills with cytoplasm
Classified in CMR as true fungi (because of their molecular relationships)
Remainder of the phyla are almost exclusively terrestrial (a few molds on wet plant material)

14. • containing multiple nuclei (with collumella underneath sac)
• Cytoplasmic cleavage and separation of nuclei into walled units produces sporangiospores
• Thin sporangial wall (peridium) breaks releasing sporangiospores
• Sporangiospores germinate to repeat the asexual life cycle
Classified in CMR as true fungi (because of their molecular relationships)
Remainder of the phyla are almost exclusively terrestrial (a few molds on wet plant material)

15. The zygospore represents the teleomorphic phase (sexual; perfect form) of this phylum
– Results from the fusion of gametangia of heterothallic (two different mating types; designated “+” and “-”) or homothallic (self fertile) strains
Classified in CMR as true fungi (because of their molecular relationships)
Remainder of the phyla are almost exclusively terrestrial (a few molds on wet plant material)

16. – Acts as a thick-walled resting spore
• Zygosporangium becomes thick walled to form the zygospore
• Hyphae to the sides become empty appendages (suspensor cells)
• Zygospore often forms ornate appendages
• Zygospore is constitutively dormant for a time, but then germinates to produce a sporangium containing haploid sporangiospores
Classified in CMR as true fungi (because of their molecular relationships)
Remainder of the phyla are almost exclusively terrestrial (a few molds on wet plant material)

17. Life cycle of Rhizopus Sexual zygsporangium with one zygospore
Asexual sporangium with spores inside
Life cycle of Rhizopus

18. Ascomycota – “sac fungi”
Sexual Reproduction – asci (sing. = ascus)
Asex. Reprod. – common
Cup fungi, morels, truffles
Important plant parasites & saprobes
Yeast - Saccharomyces
Decomposers, pathogens, and found in most lichens
Mycologists have described over 60,000 species of ascomycetes, or sac fungi.
Ascomycota tend to grow from spore to spore in one year and relate well to living plant tissues
There is diverse form in the growth and fruiting structures – yeasts to morels, many intermediate (and small)
Asexual reproduction by conidia (externally produced, not in sporangia)
Half of the Ascomycota form lichens (evolved 8 or more times in different orders) but not all lichens are Ascomycotes
A cluster of asci with spores inside

19. Life cycle of Ascomycetes

20. Apothecium
Perithecium
- Perithecium
- Apothecium
- Cleistothecium
Ascocarp
Cleistothecium

21. Basidiomycota – “club fungi”
Sexual Reproduction – basidia
Asexual reprod – not so common
Long-lived dikaryotic mycelia
Rusts & smuts –plant parasites
Mushrooms, polypores, puffballs, boletes, bird’s nest fungi
Enzymes decompose wood, leaves, and other organic materials
Decomposers, pathogens, and some form mycorrhizal associations with plants
Asexual spores conidia
Ecologically important on wood as decomposers and parasites
Half the mushrooms form mycorrhizas
SEM of basidia and spores

22. Clamp connection

23. Life cycle of basidiomycetes

24. Some fungi have more than one scientific name – Why?
Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body (e.g., Morchella esculenta, Agaricus brunescens).
Anamorph: an asexual reproductive stage (morph), often mold-like (e.g. Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani).
Holomorph: the whole fungus, including all anamorphs and the teleomorph.

25. Deuteromycota – Form Phylum “Imperfect Fungi”
Fungi that seldom or never reproduce sexually.
Asexual reproduction by vegetative growth and production of asexual spores common.

26. HUMAN-FUNGUS INTERACTIONS
Beneficial Effects of Fungi
Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling.
Biosynthetic factories. Can be used to produce drugs, antibiotics, alcohol, acids, food (e.g., fermented products, mushrooms).
Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies.
Harmful Effects of Fungi
Destruction of food, lumber, paper, and cloth.
Animal and human diseases, including allergies.
Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms and within food (e.g., grain, cheese, etc.).
Plant diseases.